The present study examined the relationships among adolescents' ambivalent sexism, rape myth, and blame of victim. Three hundred and sixty-one high school students(195 male and 166 female) in Changwon read two kinds of rape case scenarios and evaluated the degree of responsibility and blame which they thought should be assigned to female victim, then responded to questions on an ambivalent sexism scale and a rape myth scale, respectively. Major results of the present study were as follows: First, male students scored higher on scales measuring sexism than females did. The averages for benevolent sexism in which a student considers women as an object of affection and protection were found to be higher than the degree to which male students reported feelings of hostility as a result of their perceptions of a female student's invasion of their authority. Furthermore, males scored higher for hostile sexism than females did. The difference between males' and females' scores in terms of hostile sexism was much higher than in the case of benevolent sexism. Additionally, males were found to be more likely to accept rape myth than females did. After reading each case of rape, males tended to blame the victim more harshly, attributed more responsibility to her, and also tended to favor less severe punishment for the perpetrator than females did. Second, we studied role of rape myth between adolescents' sexism and blame of victim. Researchers found that the rape myth plays a role as a mediator. That is, adolescents scoring higher for sexism tended to accept the rape myth, and then to blame the victim more readily. Above all, it was concluded that the rape myth plays a role as a mediator only between hostile sexism and the tendency to blame the victim in female as well as male students.
The goal of this study was to examine the mediation role of coping in the relationship between life stress and depression in college students. Data were obtained from a sample of 270 female college students at four universities in a metropolitan area. All eight multivariate outliers were deleted leaving 262 cases for analysis. The results, based on structural equation model, showed that problem-focused coping style and emotion-focused coping style mediated the effect of life stress on depression. Female college students who had a higher level of life stress had a higher frequency of problem focused coping style, and had a lower level of depression. But those who had a higher level of life stress had a higher frequency of emotion-focused coping style, and had a higher level of depression. The results of this study suggest that female college students frequently used both types of coping style when responding to life stress, and problem-focused coping style is more effective than emotion-focused coping style in reducing the deleterious effects associated with life stress in female college students. Furthermore, the use of emotion-focused coping style may lead to additional emotional problem for individuals in the future. The present study reveals the relationships between life stress, depression, and coping style, provides a general framework to develop stress counseling intervention strategies and guides future research on the coping style
Previous studies of gender stereotype suggested that the effects of category-attribute consistency, evaluation consistency, and self-group consistency were generally observed. These effects were based on the consistency principle or congruency principle for explaining the knowledge, belief, and expectation of gender. But recent studies suggest the effects of female superiority, positive superiority, and asymmetric self-group consistency were observed. These results were more complex when add sex variable. These results were discussed within the self-coherence model of gender stereotype.
The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to measure people's attitudes in love relationships, "Me(My Partner) As a Love Partner Scale" and examine its validity and reliability. Though many scales have been constructed to evaluate elements related to love relationships and attitudes towards love partners, no scales which measure 'what kind of lover I am' directly in love relationships have been made. Thus, this study aimed for a construction of a scale which measures "me(my partner) as a love partner" and a development of MALPS with the method of Semantic Differentials by Osgood et al.(1958). First, from the pool of personality adjectives(N=1780) in Korean language, 106 items were selected, which made the new adjective pool. In the preliminary study, non-personality adjectives, such as demographic, sex and mating related factors, were added to the pool then reduced, and elements that have been studied in the previous studies which developed love-related scales and specialized in love. The new pool of 140 items for attitudes in love relationships was made and administered to 306 subjects, and then 64 items were selected. In the main study, an 'attitude as a lover scale' was administered to 376 subjects, then 6 distinctive factors were identified through factor analysis by principal components method with varimax rotations. The factors were tenderness, familiarity, commitment, competence, permissiveness, and openness, which explain 61% of the total variance. The top 4 pairs of adjectives were selected from each factor, which consist of 24 pairs of adjective scale of MALPS, and as a +1 factor, "satisfied sexually-not satisfied sexually" was added. The range of internal consistency was from .64 to .80. And the correlations of MALPS and its subscales ranged from .48 to .77, and the intercorrelations among factors ranged from .06 to .48. Then a three-week interval test-retest reliability of .81 to .67 was acquired from 107 subjects, indicating that its psychometric properties are at least as good as other widely used scales.
The current study was conducted to explore (1) the liberal feminism of Korean women on the bases of their social structural variables and (2) the its impact on their well-being. The Liberal Feminist Attitude and Ideology Scale as well as three quality of life scales(i.e., Subjective Well-being Scale, Psychological Well-being Scale and Happy Life Inventory) were administered to a nationwide sample of 771 Korean women. Results showed that the degree of liberal feminist attitude and ideology differed according to their social structural variables such as individuals' marriage status, occupation, income, and educational level. The levels of gender roles, global goals, and specific political agendas were higher for those women who were better educated, younger, and more professional in their career. On the contrary, the levels of discrimination and subordination as well as collective action were higher for those who were older, less educated, and less professional. A Series of regression analyses revealed that most of liberal feministic attitude and ideology factors affected the Korean women's perception on their quality of life. Specifically, gender role and global goals were the important variables for predicting or explaining individuals' psychological well-being. Specific political agendas affected both psychological well-being and happy life. However, collective actions negatively affected the subjective well-being and happy life, while sisterhood had no relation with any criterion. Finally the implications and limitations of the present study as well as the future directions of this area were discussed.
Facing the era of lookism, this study was to analyze the meaning of makeup of women's everyday life from the perspective of qualitiave approach in Korean culture. In addition, we tried to investigate the relationship between the makeup as the instrument of the beauty for women and self-concept. We performed in-depth interveiw with university students (N = 21) and working women (N = 15). We also analyzed the narratives of interviewees. The results showed that interviewees socialized makeup activity through modeling of their mother in early ages. Since then, they thought makeup as the rite of adulthood and internalized the social value of the makeup. They also had a need for social approval as much as a desire for beauty. They treated makeup as instrument of inhancer as well as camouflage for their self-image. Before makeup, they saw themselves as pale as much as natural. However, after makeup, they saw themselves as more beautiful even though they thought makeup as annoying activity. Thus, Korean women constucted their mind of makeup in everyday life and expreienced it self-consciously.
The Purpose of this study was to examine the anger-characteristics of spouse-killed women criminals. Participants were 43 Criminals in Chung-Joo Women Prison and 56 general married women. The Anger-characteristics were measured by the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory in Korea(STAXI-K). Major findings in the study include : (1) Women criminals lower trait anger, lower anger-in, anger-out than general women. (2) The anger-control of women criminals is not different with the general women. (3) Within criminals women anger-in and anger-out is not different, and anger-control is higher than any other sub-anger scales. Finally, implications of the present study for future studies are suggested.