This study examines the effect of atopic dermatitis of infants on mental health of mothers, parenting, and mental health of infants and their correlation. Among the people who participating in the Childhood Asthma and Allergic Diseases Cohort Study(COCOA) conducted since 2008 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to identify causes of atopic asthma, 393 pairs of two years old children and their mothers. Mental health of infants was measured by K-ASQ and ITSEA and mental health of mothers was measured by CESD-10 for depression, STAI for anxiety, SWLS for degree of satisfaction with life, and K-MSI for degree of satisfaction with marital life. K-PSI for parenting stress, K-PRQ-P for parent-child relationship, and P-CIPA for parent-infant interaction were also administered to measure parenting variables. The findings are as follows: First, Infants with atopic dermatitis showed a higher level of attention than ordinary infants. Infants with atopic dermatitis paid better attention to interaction with their mothers than ordinary infants. Mothers of infants with atopic dermatitis had a lower degree of satisfaction with life and a higher degree of dissatisfaction with marital life than mothers of ordinary infants. In terms of parenting stress, they showed higher total scores and experienced a higher level of stress in the domains of adaptability, demandingness, competence, isolation, health, role restriction, depression, and spouse than mothers of ordinary infants. Second, a higher level of externalizing behavior problems among children with atopic dermatitis led to a higher degree of dissatisfaction with marital life by their mothers. Mothers felt a higher level of parenting stress and showed a lower level of attachment to their children when their children had a higher level of regulation problems. Third, mothers' parenting stress and relational frustration had a positive effect on behavior problems of children. A higher level of engagement and reactivity of mothers in parent-child interaction led to a lower degree of regulation problems of infants.
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the scale for measuring positive and negative effects of multiple roles on employed mothers. This scale was developed based on the literature review, the examination of existing scales and the responses of open-ended questionnaires. The optimal structure of the scale was examined using exploratory factor analysis. The scale for measuring positive effects of multiple roles consisted of factor 1 of Work-to-Family Gains(7 items), factor 2 of Multiple-Role Self-Efficacy(8 items), factor 3 of Family-to-Work Gains(6 items), factor 4 of Financial Gains(4 items), and factor 5 of Separation from Family Stress(3 items). The scale for measuring negative effects consisted of factor 1 of Burnout and Overload(7 items), factor 2 of Family-to-Work Conflict(9 items), factor 3 of Work-to-Family Physical Conflict(7 items), factor 4 of Discomfort in Relationships with Homemakers(4 items), and factor 5 of Work-to-Family Psychological Conflict(3 items). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the hierarchial 2-level factor model of these scales, respectively. The validity and reliability of the scales were verified through validity analysis and test-retest reliability analysis. Finally, the implications and limitations of these findings and recommendable topics for further study were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the scale for measuring positive and negative effects of multiple roles on employed mothers. This scale was developed based on the literature review, the examination of existing scales and the responses of open-ended questionnaires. The optimal structure of the scale was examined using exploratory factor analysis. The scale for measuring positive effects of multiple roles consisted of factor 1 of Work-to-Family Gains(7 items), factor 2 of Multiple-Role Self-Efficacy(8 items), factor 3 of Family-to-Work Gains(6 items), factor 4 of Financial Gains(4 items), and factor 5 of Separation from Family Stress(3 items). The scale for measuring negative effects consisted of factor 1 of Burnout and Overload(7 items), factor 2 of Family-to-Work Conflict(9 items), factor 3 of Work-to-Family Physical Conflict(7 items), factor 4 of Discomfort in Relationships with Homemakers(4 items), and factor 5 of Work-to-Family Psychological Conflict(3 items). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the hierarchial 2-level factor model of these scales, respectively. The validity and reliability of the scales were verified through validity analysis and test-retest reliability analysis. Finally, the implications and limitations of these findings and recommendable topics for further study were discussed.
This paper studies the specific mechanism on the affect that marital satisfaction, smartphone addiction, and attitudes toward infidelity has on internet infidelity. Martial satisfaction, which has been known as the variable that affects infidelity, and infidelity attitude has been set up as conjugal relations and individual variable. Considering the medium characteristic of the internet infidelity, we tried to see the effect of smartphone addiction variable on internet infidelity. A mediated moderation model was introduced, which included not only the effect that each variable has on internet infidelity, but also the effect that marital satisfaction has on internet infidelity through infidelity attitude. The data on internet infidelity, smartphone addiction, marital satisfaction and attitudes toward infidelity was collected from 531 married adults (male=264, female=267). After that, mediator effect on infidelity attitude and goodness of fit test of the research model has been verified. As a result, the research model set was found to be suitable for the collected data, and marital satisfaction had significant effect on internet infidelity through full mediation. Smartphone addiction also showed direct effect on internet infidelity. Also, as a result of examining the effect of the interaction between the infidelity attitude and smartphone addiction, significant interaction effect was shown. Based on these results, we suggested a specific mechanism on how the major variables that affect internet infidelity interact with each other, and how to predict internet infidelity. Also, we provided limits of this research and suggested future research direction.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of work environment, self-efficacy on visiting supervisor for multicultural families’s psychological burnout. The survey had been carried out for 197 visiting supervisor. The significant influencing factors on burnout were work environment and self-efficacy, The more they had work environment, the more they were burnout. The more they had self-efficacy, the less they were burnout. Specially role conflict, excessive task of work environment and self regulated efficacy of self-efficacy significantly influenced their psychological burnout. Unexpectedly visiting supervisor’s self-efficacy didn’t moderate the effects of work environment on psychological. We discuss implications of these findings for researchers as well as for practitioners.
The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between home and classroom psychological environment of elementary students and types of their emotional intelligence, and to examine students' characteristics for each emotional intelligence type. The subjects of this study were 394 2nd, 5th and 6th graders(194 boys and 200 girls) who were selected from three elementary schools located in D-City. For the results, four types of elementary students' emotional intelligences were identified: Low emotional intelligence(Type 1) which showed low in all subscales of emotional intelligence; Low emotional which showed only low in emotional expression; Low empathy/low emotional regulation(Type 3) which showed emotional perception and emotional expression above the average but low in empathy and emotional regulation; and High emotional intelligence (Type 4) which showed high in all subscales of emotional intelligence. Secondly, gender and grades were significantly related to types of emotional intelligence. Also, high emotional intelligence showed strong self-regulation efficacy and positive attitude toward class, while low emotional intelligence demonstrated low self-regulation efficacy and bad behavior in class. Thirdly, some psychological environment provided by home and classroom had strong effects on discriminating between four types of emotional intelligence. For example, open communication with parents, parent support, and quality of relationships with siblings had strong effects on differences between high and low emotional intelligence types. In conclusion, necessity of a teaching-learning method customized for elementary students’ emotional intelligence type and learners’ characteristics is discussed.