This study examined the mediating effects of social support provision for spouse and marital efficacy on the relation between positive-negative sex role identity and marital adjustment. Mail survey was conducted on 376 Japanese married men and women sampled by probability sampling method in ages between 35-65. Data were analyzed in four ways; confirmatory factor analysis, MANOVA, t-test and structural equation model analyses. The results of the study were as follows: First, the construct validity of four factor sex role identity model-Positive Masculinity(PM), Positive Femininity(PF), Negative Masculinity(NM), Negative Femininity(NF)- was high enough. Second, structural equation modeling analysis showed that 1) social support provision and efficacy in marriage were important factors for enhancing marital adjustment, 2) social support provision and marital efficacy were significant positive mediating effects on the relation between PM and marital adjustment, 2) PF had strong positive effects on marital adjustment in direct and indirect ways, 3) NF was negatively correlated with marital efficacy. 4) PM, PF, NM and NF had different impact on social support provision and marital efficacy respectively. Implications of the findings and future directions for research are discussed.
This study explored the effect of child's temperament, mother's temperament and character on parenting attitude. A total of 282 children from age 3 to 6 participated in this study, and their main care-takers completed JTCI 3-6(The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory/3-6), TCI-RS(The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised-Short), and PARQ(Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire). The results are as follows. First, for mother's warmth/affection parenting, child's reward dependence(RD) and persistence(P) had a significant effect, and mother's self-directedness(SD) also significant in its effect. For both child and mother, higher RD and P resulted in more warmth/affection parenting attitude. Second, for mother's aggression/hostility parenting, child's novelty seeking(NS) and mother's novelty seeking(NS) and harm avoidance(HA) had a significant effect. However, mother's character had no significant effect. Especially, mother's high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance, regardless of child's temperamental strength, resulted in more aggression/hostility parenting attitude. Third, for mother's indifference parenting, only mother's temperament had a significant effect. Lower persistence(P) of both child and mother resulted in mother's indifference parenting attitude.
This study first attempted to examine the mediation effect of worry in the relationship between the socially-prescribed perfectionism(SPP) of multi-dimensional perfectionism and career indecision(CI) among college students. Next, this study explored whether the process of career decision making differs by gender on the mediation model. The results using structural equation preferred the complete mediation model over the partial mediation. In addition, the multi-group analysis was applied to the test for examining gender difference based on complete mediation model. Finding indicated that model of mediation effect of worry produced good fit to the data across gender. But there's a little bit of gender difference in the path between worry and CI. For males, all paths in the mediation model were significant. For females, however, the path between worry and CI was not significant. This contrasted result indicated the possibility of gender differences in characteristics and affect recognition to understand career decision among college students.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between male student attachment, their parent's attachment to his or her own parent, and male college student's interpersonal relationship ability. Especially, this study was focusing on attachment generation and father's power of influence to son. The subjects were 221 male college students and their parents located in Seoul and Daejon. With the inventory of parent attachment(IPPA-R), the scale of interpersonal competence(ICQ) to students and the adult attachment scale(ASS) to their parents were used. As a result of correlation analysis, overall relationships among the attachment to father and attachment to mother were significant with student's interpersonal competence. According to the result of multi-regression analysis, attachment to father predicted male student's interpersonal competence. Except for Conflict Management, student's attachment to his father predicted ‘Initiation, Disclosure, Emotional support, Negetive assertion’ in male student's interpersonal relationship. Father's attachment to his own mother was partly mediated by students-father attachment, and mother's attachment to his own mother was completely mediated by students-mother attachment, and effected in student's interpersonal relationship competence.
The study aimed to find out level of sex knowledge among Female North Korean Defectors. We asked their level of sex education, sex related knowledge, and their need for further education on birth control, and human sexuality, and sexually transmitted disease. All of the current female residents in Hanawon, 320 North Korean Defectors were researched with organized questionnaire. We found out that they had limited sex education, limited knowledge on birth control, STD, and human sexuality. They manifested need for further education especially on birth control, human sexuality, and how to have better sex with male. There was statistically significant difference between age group and marital status regarding their knowledge. We suggest that effective sex education is needed for female North Korean Defectors to prevent them to become sexually vulnerable.
This study was intended to suggest a conceptual model among the variables related to work-family conflict by extending the findings on Frone et. al. (1992)'s cross domain model using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and multi-sample analysis. Various antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict were investigated. Time based conflict and strain based conflict were used to measure antecedents and job burnout and job satisfaction were used to measure consequences. The main results were as follows. First, regarding the mediating role of WIF and FIW in its relationship between antecedents and consequences, only WIF has shown a significant effect. This finding was contrary to Frone et. al. (1992)'s result, which suggested that workers in South Korea were more oriented to their work than those who in western conturies. Second, regarding the moderating role of gender differences in its relationship among the variables, gender differences have shown a moderating role between the variables, family stressor to FIW, family stressor to family satisfaction, WIF to family satisfaction, respectively. This finding suggested that male workers were more likely to experience the spillover effect from work to family than female workers. Finally, the implications and limitations were discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to (1) investigate the structure of teamwork competency, (2) develop a teamwork competency scale to appraise the competency level of college students, and (3) examine gender differences in terms of the structure as well as the level of teamwork competency. The list of 104 behavioral descriptions extracted through FGI and literature review was administered to a sample of 415 college students in order to evaluate the importance of each behavior for teamwork competency as well as their own level of each competency behavior. 89 behavioral descriptions were found important for teamwork among college students. The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that the competency model of teamwork consists of 13 factors(consideration or caring, emotional intelligence, effective communication, creativity, feedback, cooperativeness, mediation, responsibility, activeness, information sharing, fairness, ability of data analysis, sociability), and this structure was confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis. The college students with more experiences were higher in their level of 13 competencies than those with less experiences, supporting the construct validity of the teamwork competency scale. The results of factor analysis performed on each gender group indicated that there was no gender differences on the factor structure. However, the results of latent means analysis demonstrated that male students showed higher level of competencies than female students on 7 factors(creativity, activeness, sociability, responsibility, consideration, mediation, feedback). Finally, the limitations and future direction of the present study sere discussed.
This study examined the relations between defense mechanism and mental health problems of 283 North Korean female refugees educated in Hanawon(Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees). The mean scores and sten scores from the scales of Ewha Defense Mechanism Test showed that Mature and Narcissistic Defense mechanism is more widely used by North Korean female refugees, compared to Immature and Neurotic Defense mechanism, which is only used by fewer refugees. The most frequently used defense mechanisms were Anticipation, Rationalization, Denial, Distortion, followed by Humor, Avoidance, Altruism, Suppression, and Sublimation. Regression, Controlling and Projection had the lowest frequency. Pearson's correlation analysis presented that Mature Defense mechanisms had no significant correlation with the scales of SCL-90-R. However, Immature Defense mechanisms(Identification, Passive-Aggressive behavior, Somatization, Acting out, Regression) had notable positive correlation with the scales of SCL-90-R. In addition, Displacement and Dissociation included in Neurotic Defense mechanism and Projection included in Narcissistic Defense mechanism had meaningful correlations with mental health problems. Whether refugees were married or accompanied by their children resulted in significant differences of somatization scales, and the time spent for entering the Republic of Korea was positively correlated with the hostility and psychosis scales in SCL-90-R. However, these factors had limited influence on the mental health problems of North Korean female refugees. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the additional predictability of defense mechanisms concerned with mental health problems ranged from 9.7% to 25.2%, and Somatization, Acting out, Passive-Aggressive behavior, and Identification were major predictors of mental health problems.