- E-ISSN2288-2766
- KCI
E-ISSN : 2288-2766
Climate Change and Gender Inequality in Taiwan’s Green Industry: Why is Female Competency Development Mattered?
Yun-Hsiang HSU (National Central University)
Abstract
Purpose – In spite of the growing importance of Taiwanese green industry, most of employees who work in this industry in Taiwan are dominated by males. Only a few females are working in this industry and their wage is lower. This research is applying role congruity theory which explains why females share only a small portion in Taiwan’s green industry. This study addresses a research question, “How has the gender inequality and discrimination been reflected in the occupation structure of Taiwan’s green industry? How has this gender occupation structure influenced females in the green industry?" Research design, data, and methodology – To find out the impact of gender role in the green industry, the dataset of the 2015 Taiwan Social Change Survey is used. Using STATA, t test has been implemented to address our research question with three hypotheses. Result –All of hypothesis were all supported. It is found there is a statistical difference in stereotypical thinking between female who work in the green industry and the non-green industry of Taiwan. The limited female representation in the green industry of Taiwan influences job matching and job satisfaction significantly. Conclusion – This study suggests the Taiwanese government should encourage STEM education for females and provide more relevant vocational education and training particularly for females' competency development in the green industry. By providing vocational education and training to meet the skill needs of greener economy resilient to climate change, Taiwan's green industry will grow further and will overcome gender inequality and discrimination.
- keywords
- Climate Change, Competency Development, Green Industry, Female Employee, Human Resources, Taiwan
Reference
Banaji, M., & Hardin, C. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7(3), 136–141.
Başol, O. (2016). Classic or modern? Enhancement of job satisfaction scale for green job workers. Management, 11(2), 103-122.
Bhave, D., Kramer, A., & Glomb, T. (2012). Pay satisfaction and work family conflict across time. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(5), 698-713.
Belfield, C., & Harris, R. (2002). How well do theories of job matching explain variations in job satisfaction across education levels? Evidence for UK graduates. Applied Economics, 34(5), 535–48.
Benson, J., Gospel H., & Zhu, Y. (2013). Workforce development and skill formation in Asia. London: Routledge.
Chang, C., & England, P. (2011). Gender inequality in earnings in industrialized East Asia. Social Science Research, 40(1), 1–14.
Chang, C. (2006). The employment discontinuity of married women in Taiwan. Current Sociology, 54(2), 209–228.
Chen, Y., Wu, T., & Chen, Y. (2009). The recycling business for sustainability in Taiwan. European Business Review, 21(5), 403-417.
Chien, W., Wu, S., Yu, C., & Chen Y. (2014). The commissioned study on surveying Taiwanese women’s rights and policy recommendations. Taipei: Executive Yuan.
Eagly, A., & Diekman, A. (2005). What is the problem? Prejudice as an attitude-in-context. In J. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after allport (pp. 19-35). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Eddleston, K., Ladge, J., Mitteness, C., & Balachandra, L. (2016). Do you see what I see? Signaling effects of gender and firm characteristics on financing entrepreneurial ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(3), 489–514.
Fu, Y., & Chang. Y. (2021). A brief introduction to the Taiwan social change survey. Retrieved from https://www2.ios.sinica.edu.tw/sc/en/home2.php
Green, F., Ashton, D., James, D., & Sung, J. (1999). The role of the state in skill formation: evidence from the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 15(1), 82–96.
Gunderson, E., Ramirez, G., Beilock, S., & Levine, S. (2012). The relation between spatial skill and early number knowledge: The role of the linear number line. Developmental Psychology, 48(5), 1229-1241.
Haslam, S. A., & Ryan, M. K. (2008). The road to the glass cliff: Differences in the perceived suitability of men and women for leadership positions in succeeding and failing organizations. Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 530–546.
Hoffman, R., Pasley, K., & Pasley, K. (1998). Thinking about the sexes: The relation between cognitions and gender stereotypes. American Journal of Family Therapy, 26(3), 189–202.
Hoyt, C., & Burnette, J. (2013). Gender bias in leader evaluations: Merging implicit theories and role congruity perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(10), 1306-1319.
Hüttges, A., & Fay, D. (2015). The gender-differential impact of work values on prospects in research careers. Journal of Career Development, 42(6), 524-539.
International Labor Organization. (2012). Global employment trends for women. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/global-employment-trends/WCMS_195447/lang-- en/index.htm
International Labor Organization. (2015). Gender equality and green jobs. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_360572.pdf
International Labor Organization. (2016). Green jobs: Progress report 2014-2015. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/publications/WCMS_502730/lang--en/index.htm
Koch, A., D'Mello, S., & Sackett, P. (2015). A meta-analysis of gender stereotypes and bias in experimental simulations of employment decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 128–161.
Locke, E (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 1297-1350). Chicago: Rand McNally.
McKinney, K. (1987). Age and gender differences in college students’ attitudes toward women: A replication and extension. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 17(5-6) ,353-358.
Mukarram, S., Saeed, A., Hammoudeh, S., & Raziq, M. (2018). Women on Indian boards and market performance: A role-congruity theory perspective. Asian Business & Management, 17(1), 4-36.
Noseworthy, C., & Lott, A. (1984). The cognitive organization of gender-stereotypic categories. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10(3), 474-481.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2012). OECD employment outlook. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2012_empl_outlook-2012-en
Oxford Analytica (2020). Prospects for climate change in 2021. Retrieved from https://dailybrief.oxan.com/Analysis/DB257771/Prospects-for-climate-change-in-2021
Pedulla, D. S. (2016). Penalized or protected? Gender and the consequences of nonstandard and mismatched employment histories. American Sociological Review, 75(2), 303–329.
Rossi, M. (2019). How Taiwan has achieved one of the highest recycling rates in the world. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/how-taiwan-has-achieved-one-highest-recycling-rates-world- 180971150/
Schuster, C., & Martiny, S. E. (2017). Not feeling good in STEM: Effects of stereotype activation and anticipated affect on women’s career aspirations. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 76(1-2), 40–55.
Stevens, C. (2012). Gender in the green economy. Retrieved from https://www.unrisd.org/news/stevens
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility Report. Retrieved from https://csr.tsmc.com/download/csr/2019-csr-report/english/pdf/e-6-issue-3.pdf
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-UNESCO International Project on Technical and Vocational Education. (2017). Greening technical and vocational education and training: A practical guide for institutions.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (2011). Green industry initiative for sustainable industrial development. Retrieved from https://www.unido.org/our-focus-cross-cutting-services-green-industry/greenindustry- initiative
Valentin, C. (2015). Greening HRD. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 17(4), 426–441.
Wang, S. (2016). Green practices are gendered: Exploring gender inequality caused by sustainable consumption policies in Taiwan. Energy Research & Social Science, 18(August), 88-95.
Wu, C., Hu, M., & Ni, F. (2021). Supporting a circular economy: Insights from Taiwan's plastic waste sector and lessons for developing countries. Production and Consumption, 26(3), 228-238.
Yu, W. (2015). Women and employment in Taiwan. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2015/09/14-women-employment
Yu, T., Lin F., Kao, K., Chao, C., & Yu, T. (2019). An innovative environmental citizen behaviour model: Recycling intention as climate change mitigation strategies. Journal of Environmental Management, 247, 499-508
Yukawa, S. (2014). Factor decomposition of the gender–job satisfaction paradox: Evidence from Japan. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 16(3), 69-89.
Zhang, X., & Li, B. (2013). Organizational culture and employee satisfaction: An exploratory study. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 4(1), 48-54.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations
