ISSN : 1229-0718
This study aimed at examining developmental changes in understanding of second-order mental states. Five-, 7-, 9-, 11-, and 13-year-old children participated in this study. Two second-order false-belief tasks were used. Tasks were modified versions of Perner and Wimmer's(1985) 2nd-order tasks and Sullivan et al.'s(1994) 2nd-order tasks. Children were asked 4 test questions(1st-order true belief, 1st-order false belief, 2nd-order ignorance, 2nd-order false belief) to test their understanding of mental states. The results were as follows: First, 5-year-old children were able to understand 1st-order mental states but not 2nd-order metal states. Second, understanding of false belief occurred later than understanding of knowledge or ignorance(true belief, ignorance). Third, 2nd-order false belief were demonstrated at age 7 and develops by 11 years old.
김혜리 (1997). 아동의 마음에 대한 이해발달: 틀린 믿음에 대한 이해로 살펴 본 마음의 발달. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 10, 74-91.
이수미, 김혜리 (2000). 3, 4세 아동의 속임수에 대한 이해: 상위표상과 마음이론. 인간발달연구, 7(2), 31-49.
조윤미, (2005). 유아의 회귀적 사고의 이해 발달. 아동학회지, 14(1), 145-156.
Astington, J. W., Pelletier, J., & Homer, B. (2002). Theory of mind and epistomological development: the relation between children's second-order false-belief understanding and their ability to reason about evidence. New Ideas in Psychology, 20, 131-144.
Coull, G. J., Leekam, S. R., & Bennett, M. (2006). Simplifying second-order belief attribution: What facilitates children's performance on measures of conceptual understanding? Social Development, 15(2), 260-275.
Gopnik, A., & Slaughter, V. (1991). Young children's understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. Child Development, 68, 98-110.
Hala, S. (1991, April). The role of personal involvement in facilitating false belief understanding. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA.
Hogrefe, J., Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1986). Ignorance versus false belief; A developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states. Child Development, 57, 567-582.
Leekam, S. R., & Prior, M. (1994). Can autistic children distinguish lies from jokes? A second look at second-order belief attribution. Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(5), 901-915.
Lewis, C., & Osborne, A. (1990). Three-year-old's problems with false belief: Conceptual deficit or linguistic artifact? Child Development, 61, 1514-1519.
Moses, L. J., & Flavell, J. H. (1990). Inferring false beliefs from actions and reactions. Cognitive Development, 61, 929-945.
Matsmura, N. (1997, April). Japanese children's understanding of second-order beliefs in cognitive and visual perspective-taking tasks. Poster presented at the SRCD Biennial Meeting, Washington DC.
Onish, K, H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-year-olds understand false beliefs? Science, 308, 255-258.
Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985). "John thinks that Mary thinks that ...": Attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 437-471.
Perner, J., Leekam, S., & Wimmer, H. (1987). Three-year-old's difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit. British Journal of developmental Psychology, 5, 125-129.
Pratt, C., & Bryant, P. E. (1990). Young children understanding that looking leads to knowing (so long as they are looking into a single barrel). Child Development, 61, 973-982.
Premack, D., & Woodruff, F. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Science, 4, 515-526.
Siegal, M., & Beattie, K. (1991). Where to look first for children's knowledge of false beliefs. Cognition, 38, 1-12.
Steverson, E. J. (1996). The malleability of the developing representational mind. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Wales.
Sullivan, K., & Winner, E. (1993). Three-year-olds' understanding of false belief: the influence of trickery. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 62, 468-483.
Sullivan, K., Zaitchik, D., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (1994). Preschoolers can attribute second-order beliefs. Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 395-402.
Sullivan, K., Winner, E., & Hopfield, N. (1995). How children tell a lie from a joke: The role of second-order mental state attributions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 191-204.
Wellman, H. M. (1990). The child's theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-Analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655-684.
Wimmer, H. & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128.
Wimmer, H., Hogrefe, G. J., & Perner, J. (1988). Children's understanding of informational access as source of knowledge. Child Development, 59, 386-396.
Winner, E., & Sullivan, K. (1993). Deception as a zone of proximal development for false belief understanding. Unpublished manuscript, Boston College, Department of Psychology.