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ISSN : 1229-0718
최근 실행 기능의 하위 요소인 억제 능력과 인지적 유연성은 일반 지능보다 학업 성취도나 사회적 성공을 잘 예측하는 지표로 대두되고 있다. 이러한 실행 기능 발달에 사회경제적 지위가 관여할 수 있는 가능성이 보고되어 취약계층 아동에게 발달 초기에 지원해야 할 중요한 요소라는 점도 부각되고 있다. 그러나 사회경제적 지위와 실행 기능 발달 간의 관계 연구들을 살펴보면 (1) 주로 북미와 남미에서 이루어져 사회경제적 지위에 인종 요인이 혼합되어 있으며, (2) 대상이 주로 학령전기 후반에서 학령기 아동을 중심으로 국한되어 있고, (3) 상이한 기준으로 아동을 상위/하위 SES집단으로 나누어 비교한 연구들이 주를 이루어 발달 초기에 인종이나 다른 잠재적 공변 요인들(특히, 연령이나 어휘력 등)을 통제한 상태에서 사회경제적 요소가 미치는 영향력에 대한 체계적 검토는 부족하였다. 본 연구에서는 만 3-6세 한국의 아동 78명을 대상으로 하여 사회경제적 지위가 인종, 연령이나 어휘력 등을 넘어 학령 전기 아동의 실행 기능 발달에 고유한 영향력을 끼치는지, 끼친다면 어떤 사회경제적 지표가 관련있는 지를 밝히고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 연소득에 비해 부모의 교육 연수는 아동의 연령, 어휘력을 통제하여도 유의하게 억제 능력의 발달을 예측하는 것으로 나타나 부모의 교육 수준은 학령기 이전부터 실행 기능 발달에 관여하고 있음을 시사하였다.
Research shows that children’s abilities to inhibit thoughts and behaviors predict academic and social successes later in life. In addition, a child’s socioeconomic status (SES) is known to predict inhibitory control and general executive functions. However, careful examination of the literature revealed that several studies reporting these findings had the following limitations: (1) they were conducted in North and South America where the factor of race was not sufficiently controlled, (2) they focused on children in schooling years, and (3) they relied on comparing arbitrary groups divided by various SES criteria. The present study tested 78 Korean preschoolers aged 3–6 to examine the unique effects of SES on the development of inhibitory control in early childhood by controlling factors of age and verbal abilities. The results indicate that maternal education, measured in the total number of schooling years, uniquely predicted inhibitory control of Korean preschoolers. This corroborated previous findings, further suggesting that parental education is critical to the development of executive functions in early childhood regardless of race, age, and verbal abilities.
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