ISSN : 1229-0718
This study investigated the influence of children's effortful control and maternal emotion-related parenting behavior on emotion regulation of children. The Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES), in which mothers provide self-reports of their emotion-related child-rearing attitude, was translated into a brief Korean version that was composed of 28 items. Further, children’s effortful control, maternal emotion- related parenting behavior, and emotion regulation of children were measured by mothers’ self-reports, a behavior experiment, and behavior observation of 68 pairs of 3–5-year-old children and their mothers. The main results were as follows: first, attention focusing, inhibitory control and attention shift of children's effortful control were positively correlated with emotion regulation(ERC). Inhibitory control of children's effortful control was negatively correlated with down-regulation of emotion regulation(MSSB) and attention shift of children's effortful control positively correlated with failure of MSSB. The emotion-focused reaction and expressive encouragement dimensions of the CCNES were positively correlated with ERC, and the distress dimension of CCNES was negatively with ERC. Second, attention shift and inhibitory control of effortful control and the problem‧emotion-focused reactions dimension of the CCNES positively predicted ERC. Inhibitory control of effortful control negatively predicted down-regulation of MSSB, and attention shift of effortful control negatively did exaggeration of MSSB. Further, inhibitory control of effortful control (“Simon Says” task) negatively predicted exaggeration of MSSB, and inhibitory control of effortful control (delay of gratification task) positively predicted performance of Disappointing Present. Study limitations and future research directions were discussed.
김수혜 (2000). 3세 아동의 만족지연행동에 영향을 미치는 요인들: 아동의 성(性), 기질, 어머니의 양육행동을 중심으로. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김영태, 홍경훈, 김경희 (2009). 수용․표현 어휘력검사의 개발연구: 문항개발 및 신뢰도 분석을 중심으로. 언어청각장애연구, 14, 34-45.
김은희 (2014). 정서조절 능력이 유아의 또래 유능성에 미치는 영향: 정서조절 전략의 매개효과를 중심으로. 덕성여자대학교 석사학위논문.
김정민 (2013). 실행기능과 기질이 유아의 상황에따른 정서조절에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교대학원 박사학위논문.
김지연, 남은영 (2011). 자녀의 부정적 정서에대한 부모의 반응과 아동의 스트레스 대처행동 간의 관계에서 자기조절능력의 매개효과. 아동학회지, 32(5), 13-26.
김혜순 (2006). 유아의 만족지연능력 및 관련변인연구. 경희대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
문영경 (2009). 어머니의 정서적 가용성이 유아의사회적 기술 및 문제행동에 미치는 영향: 유아의 의도적 통제의 매개효과를 중심으로. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
박진아 (2007). 불안장애 유아의 기질과 역기능적정서조절의 관계에 대한 어머니의 양육행동의 중재효과. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
박진아, 정문자 (2007). 불안장애 유아의 기질과 역기능적 정서조절의 관계에 대한 어머니 양육행동의 중재효과. 한국심리학회:상담 및 심리치료, 19(2), 273-295.
배윤진 (2011). 부모의 의도적 통제와 애정적 양육해동 및 유아의 의도적 통제, 친사회적 행동, 인지적 문제해결능력 간의 관계. 경북대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
안효민 (2013). 자녀의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니의 반응과 정서조절능력이 학령기 남녀아동의 문제행동에 미치는 영향. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
오지현 (2013). 아동의 부정적 정서표현에 대한어머니 반응 척도 개발 및 타당화. 숙명여자대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
유 경, 민경환 (2003). 학령전기 아동의 정서이해의 발달: 정서원인과 정서조절에 대한 이해. 심리과학, 12(1), 13-29.
이경옥 (2004). 유아 기질 척도(CBQ)의 타당화를 위한 기초연구. 유아교육연구, 24(5), 101-120.
이유진, 정은정 (2013). 학령전기 아동의 의도적 통제의 매개효과: 모의 양육태도와 학령전기 아동의 심리적 적응 간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 32(1), 231-249.
이지연, 곽금주 (2010). 5세 아동의 정서조절과공감의 예언변인들: 종단적 접근. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 23(1), 85-102.
이지은 (2014). 어머니의 정서 신념과 자녀의 부정적 정서에 대한 반응이 유아의 정서조절능력에 미치는 영향. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
이혜란, 신의진, 이경숙 (1999). 학령전기 아동의 심적표상. 대한소아청소년정신의학회, 10(1), 21-33.
이혜련, 최보가 (2002). 학령 전 아동의 정서이해와 부모이 정서표현성 및 아동정서 수용태도와의 관계. 대한가정학회지, 40(1), 103-112.
임희수, 박성연 (2002). 아동이 지각한 어머니의 아동의 기질, 어머니의 정서조절 및양육행동과 아동의 정서조절간의 관계. 아동학회지, 23(1), 37-54.
장혜인 (2010). 자기조절적 기질로서의 통제노력: 연구 현황과 과제. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 23(3), 19-35.
정윤경 (2008). 아동 초기 정서 조절의 발달적 관련 변인: 어머니의 정서 관련 양육 행동 및그 심리적 기제. 한국발달심리학회 학술대회 및 심포지엄.
정윤경, 박보은 (2010). 정서표현성과 정서표현양가성의 발달적 관련변인: 회고된 어머니의 정서표현양식. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 23(4), 111-225.
Auerbach, J., Berger, A., Atzaba-Poria, N.,Arbelåe, S., Cypin, N., Friedman, A. (2008). Temperament at 7, 12, and 25 months in children at familial risk for ADHD. Infant and Child Development, 17(4), 321-338.
Bar-Haim, Y., Bar-Av, G., Sadeh, A. (2011). Measuring children's regulation of emotionexpressive behavior. Emotion, 11, 215-223.
Betts, J., Gullone, E., & Allen, J. S. (2009). An examination of emotion regulation, temperament, and parenting style as potential predictors of adolescent depression risk status: a correlational study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, 473-485.
Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B., & Main, M.(1974). The origins of reciprocity: the early mother-infant interaction. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum(Eds.), The effect of the infant in its caregiver(pp. 49-76). New York: Johnwiley & son.
Bretherton, I., Oppenheim, D., Buchsbaum, H., Emde, R., & the MacArthur Narrative Group.(1990). The MacArthur Narrative Story Stem Battery. Unpublished manuscript.
Carlson, S. M., & Wang, T. S. (2007). Inhibitory control and emotion regulation in preschool children. Cognitive Development, 22, 489-510.
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Morgan, J., Rutter, M.,Taylor, A., Arseneault, L. (2004). Maternal expressed emotion predicts children’s antisocial behavior: Using MZ-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 40, 149-161.
Chang, H., Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., &Sexton, H. R. (2011). Child Effortful Control as a Mediator of Parenting Practices on Externalizing Behavior: Evidence for a Sex-Differentiated Pathway across the Transition from Preschool to School. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(1), 71-81.
Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Child Development, 77, 44-58.
Davis, E. P., Bruce, J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2002). The anterior attention network: Associations with temperament and neuroendocrine activity in 6-year-old children. Developmental Psychobiology, 40(1), 43-56.
Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. NY: The Guilford Press.
Denham, S. A., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contribution to preschooler's understandilong of emotion. Marriage and Family Review, 34(3), 311-343.
Denham, S. A., Workman, E., Cole, P.M., Weissbrod, C., Kendziora, K. T., Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). Prediction of externalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: The role of parental socialization and emotion expression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 23-45.
Dunn, J., Bretherton, I., & Munn, P. (1987). Conversations about feeling states between mothers and their young children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 132-9.
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L.(1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, A., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Losoya, S. H., & Guthrie, I.K. (2001). The Relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72(4), 1112-1134.
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., & Vaughan, J. (2007). Effortful control and its socioemotional consequeneds, In J. J. Gross(Ed), Handbook of Emotion Regulation(pp. 249-268). New York:Guilford Press.
Eisenberg, N., Sadovsky, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes,R. A., Losoya, S. H., Valiente, C. (2005). The relations of problem behavior status to children’s negative emotionality, effortful control, and impulsivity: Concurrent relations and prediction of change. Developmental Psychology, 41, 193-211.
Fabes, R. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1992). Young children's coping with interpersonal anger. Child Development, 63, 116-128.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Bernzweig, J. (1990). The Coping with Children's Negative Emotional Scale: Procedure and Scoring. Tempe: Arizona State University.
Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A. (1990). Maternal correlates of children’s vicarious emotional responsiveness. Developmental Psychology, 26, 639-648.
Fabes, R. A., & Eisenberg, N., Nymam, M., &Michealieu, Q. (1991). Young children's appraisal of other's spontaneous emotional reactions. Developmental Psychology, 27, 858-866.
Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L., Martin, C. L., &Eisenberg, N. (2002). Young children's negative emotionality and social isolation:Alatent growth corve analysis. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48, 284-307.
Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K.,Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: Relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72, 907-920.
Fonagy, P. A., & Target, M. (2000). Revised Manual for MacArthur Narrative Completion Task. Unpuglished Manuscript.
Gottman, J. M., & Kats, L. F., & Hooven, C.(1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally: Links to child-peer relations and other developmental outcomes. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jones, L. B., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I.(2003). Development of executive attention in preschllo children. Developmental Science, 6, 498-504.
Kochanska, G., Murry, K., & Harlan, E. T.(2000). Effortful control in early childhood:continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36, 220-232.
Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T.(2001). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, 1091-1111.
Lewis, M. (1993). Self-conscious emotions:emgarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland(Eds), Handbook of emotions(pp. 563-573). New York: Guilford Press.
Liew, J., Eisenberg, N., & Reiser, M. (2004). Preschoolers' effortful control and negative emotionality, immediate reactions to disappointment, and quality of social functioning. J. Experimental Child Psychology, 89, 298-319.
Li-Grining, C. P. (2007). Effortful control among low-income preschoolers in three cities:Stability, change, and individual differences, Developmental Psychology, 43, 208-221.
Mangelsdorf, S. C., Shapiro, J. R., & Marzolf, D.(1995). Developmental and temperamental differences of in emotion regulations in infancy. Child Development, 66, 1817-1828.
McCoy, C. L., & Masters, J. C. (1990). Children's strategies for the control of emotion in themselves and others. In B. S. Moore & A. M. Isen (Eds.), Affect and social behavior (pp.231-268). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mischel, W. Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938.
Moilanen, K. L., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J.,Gardner, F., Wilson, M. (2010). Predictors of longitudinal growth in inhibitory control in early childhood. Social Development, 19, 326-347.
Morris, W. N., & Reilly, N. P. (1987). Toward the self-regulation of mood: Theory and research. Motivation and Emotion, 11, 215-249.
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., &Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361-388.
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Developmental and Psychology, 12, 427-441.
Rha, J. H. (1999). Infants' emotionality and parenting as antecedents of delay of gratification in toddlerhood. Doctorial Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.
Rothbart, M. K & Hwang, J. (2005). Temperament and the development of competence and motivation. In A.J. Elliot &A.C. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 167-184.
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Hershey, K. L.(1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21-39.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg &W.Damon(Eds.), Handbook of child psychology:Vol 3 . Social, emotional, and personality development(6th., pp. 99-166). New York:Wiley
Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. L., & Rothbart, M.K. (2005). the development of executive attention: Contributions to the emergence of self-regulation. Developmental Neuropsychololgy, 28, 573-594.
Saarni, C. (1984). An observation study of children's attempts fof monitor their expressive behavior. Child Development, 55, 1504-1513.
Sher-Censor, E., & Oppenheim, D. (2004). Coherence and representations in preschooler’s narratives: Associations with attachment in infancy. In M. W. Pratt & B. H. Feese(Eds.), Familly stories and the life course: Across time and generations (pp. 77-107). Mahawah, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The developnent and validation of new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906-916.
Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., Campos, J., & Klinnert,M.D. (1985). Maternal emotional signaling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1-yearolds. Developmental Psychology, 21, 195-200.
Spinard, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C. L., Kupfer, A., Greving, K.,Liew, J., Hofer, C. (2007). Relation of maternal socialization and toddlers’ effortful control to children’s adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1170-1186.
Steele, M., D’Agostino, D., & Blom, I. (2005). The co-construction coding manual: Verbal and non-verbal behavior. Unpublished manuscript.
Tsai, J. L., Louie, J. Y., Chen, E. E., & Uchida,Y. (2007). Learning what feelings to desire:Socialization of ideal affect through children’s storybooks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(1), 17-30.
Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Cumberland, A., Losoya, S.H., Reiser, M.(2006). Relations among mothers’ expressivity, children’s effortful control and their problem behaviors: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Emotion, 6, 459-472.
Verstraeten, K., Vasey, M., Raes, F., & Bijttebier,P. (2009). Temperament and risk for depressive symptoms in adolescence: Mediation by rumination and moderation by effortful control. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology:An official publication of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 37(3), 349-361.
Westen, D. (1994). Toward an integrative model of affect regulation: Applications to socialpsychological research. Journal of Personality, 62, 641-667.
Wolchik, S. A., & Sandler, I. N. (1997). Handbook of children's coping with common life stressors. New York: Plenum.