바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

The Relation between Death attitude and Happiness: The Mediating Effects of Materialism and Orientation to Meaning for Middle-aged adults

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the model concerning relations among death attitude(daeth avoicdance, death acceptance), happiness(subjective well-being), and the mediators of materialism and orientation to meaning. Data were collected from 489 middle-aged adults. Results of the study indicated that the hypothesized model fit the data well. Death avoidance and death acceptance did not directly affect happiness, but they were indirectly affected by materialism and orientation to meaning. This study suggests that the death acceptance can play an important role in lowering the value of materialism and increasing the orientation to pursue meaning, leading to the happiness of middle-aged adults.

keywords
Submission Date
2018-01-15
Revised Date
2018-02-21
Accepted Date
2018-03-05

Reference

1.

강철원 (2016). 저성장시대 행복리포트. 한국일보 , 2016.01.18.

2.

김명숙 (2014). 행복과 성공적 노화 그리고 잘 죽기. 철학논총, 76, 275-293.

3.

김원식 (2011). 사회비판의 두 유형과 공조 방안: 한국사회를 위한 종합적 사회비판 전략의 모색. 사회와 철학 논문집: 『사회와철학』, 21.

4.

김지현, 민경환 (2005). 청년 집단의 죽음 공포와 죽음 수용에 영향을 미치는 변인들에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 24(2), 11-36.

5.

김창현 (2013). 삶과 죽음을 넘어서: 니체의 죽음학. 종교와 문화, 24(단일호), 169-197.

6.

남희선, 이영호 (2014). 죽음 수용 수준에 따라죽음 공포가 삶의 의미 지각에 미치는 차별적 영향. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33(1), 263-283.

7.

문수백 (2015). 구조방정식모델링의 이해와 적용. 서울: 학지사.

8.

문현공 (2016). 죽음 현저성(Mortality Salience)의 교육적 함의 - 죽음에 대한 마음챙김(死念)과 관련하여. 종교교육학연구, 51, 153-176.

9.

박선영, 권석만 (2014). 삶의 의미와 주관적 안녕 및 우울의 관계. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 549-571.

10.

박지선, 최인철 (2002). 죽음에 대한 생각이 우리를 훌륭한 시민으로 만드는가?. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 16(1), 75-89.

11.

박진영, 최혜원, 서은국 (2012). 물질주의와 인간관계 경시의 심리적 원인: 낮은 일반적 신뢰. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26(1), 23-36.

12.

변미경, 현혜진, 박선정, 최은영 (2017). 웰다잉프로그램이 노인의 삶의 의미, 자기효능감 및 성공적 노화에 미치는 효과. 한국산학기술학회논문지, 18(10).

13.

배병렬 (2009). Amos 17.0 구조방정식모델링:원리와 실제. 서울: 청람.

14.

서은국, 구재선, 이동귀, 정태연, 최인철 (2010). 특별 심포지엄: 한국인의 행복 및 정신건강 지수: 한국인의 행복 지수와 그 의미. 한국심리학회 연차 학술발표논문집, 2010(단일호), 213-232.

15.

오진탁 (2004). 죽음, 삶이 존재하는 방식. 서울:청림 출판사.

16.

오진탁 (2009). 죽음에 대하여. 환경과 생명, 61, 112-123.

17.

오진탁 (2011). 우리 사회에 죽음이해가 크게부족하다. 한국호스피스․완화의료학회지, 14(3), 131-137.

18.

유지혜 (2017). 한국판 물질주의 척도 타당화. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

19.

이민아, 송리라 (2014). 소득, 물질주의와 행복의 관계. 한국인구학, 37(4), 89-114.

20.

이병찬 (2011). 웰다잉 실천으로 바라본 자아성찰과 사생체험. 서울: 효사랑

21.

이운영 (2008). Wong의 죽음태도 척도의 타당화. 충남대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

22.

이은경 (2002). 노인의 죽음불안에 영향을 미치는 성격특성, 내외통제성 및 대처방식. 성신여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

23.

이지영, 이가옥 (2004). 노인의 죽음에 대한 인식. 한국노년학, 24, 193-215.

24.

이창수 (2017). [바뀌어야 ‘산다’] OECD 자살률또 1위… 일본은 3계단 하락. 세계일보, 2017.07.16.

25.

임송자, 송선희 (2012). 죽음에 대한 태도가 죽음불안에 미치는 영향. 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 12(5), 243-255.

26.

김윤태 (2011). 소득 증가세는 세계 최고, 삶만족감은 OECD 최저. 조선일보, 2011.01.01.

27.

장휘숙 (2008). 인생과정 조망과 성인기 발달. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 21(3), 99-113.

28.

장휘숙, 최영임 (2008). 죽음공포와 죽음수용의관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 21(2), 59-76.

29.

조명한, 차경호 (1998). 삶의 질에 대한 국가간비교. 서울: 집문당.

30.

정미영 (2010). 삶의 의미 발견과정에 관한 연구: 의미추구, 의미발견, 사생관 및 가치관을 중심으로. 한양대학교 대학원 박사 학위논문.

31.

정운경 (2015). 웰다잉 프로그램과 노인의 삶의질, 죽음불안과 자아 통합감의 관계연구. 서울벤처대학원대학교 박사학위논문.

32.

정영미 (2013). 중년여성의 죽음에 대한 인식영향요인. 성인간호학회 학술대회, 121.

33.

정영숙, 이화진 (2014). 중년기의 성숙한 노화와 죽음 태도 및 죽음 대처 유능감의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 27(2), 131-154.

34.

조원규 (2013). 웰다잉과 행복성찰. 서울: 책과나무.

35.

진영선, 김영경 (2011). 기억 향상 요소를 강화한 노인 집단 자서전 쓰기 프로그램의 효과. 한국노년학, 31(2), 401-417.

36.

차미영 (2006). 웰다잉을 위한 죽음의 이해. 서울: 상상커뮤니케이션.

37.

한미정 (2002). 대처방식, 내외통제성, 자아존중감에 따른 죽음불안의 발달적 고찰. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 21(2), 179-198.

38.

홍경화 (2014). The high price of Korean materialism on chronic and momentary happiness. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.

39.

홍기원, 김연우 (2015). 물질주의에 관련된 심리적 변인의 실험적 탐색. 로고스경영연구, 13(1), 1-18.

40.

황재원, 김계현 (2009). 대학생의 행복추구성향과 주관적 안녕감과의 관계. 상담학연구, 10(1), 57-71.

41.

Arndt, J., Solomon, S., Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). The urge to splurge: A terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(3), 198-212.

42.

Belk. R. W. (1984). Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability, validity, and relationships to measures of happiness, Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 291-297.

43.

Belk. R. W. (1985). Materialism: Trait aspects of living the material world, Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 265-280.

44.

Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316.

45.

Carstensen, L. L. (1998). A life-span approach to social motivation. In J. Heckhausen & C. Dweck (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life-span. New York: Cambridge University Press.

46.

Christopher, A. N., Drummond, K., Jones, J. R., Marek, P., & Therriault, K. M. (2006). Beliefs about one’s own death, personal insecurity, and materialism. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(3), 441-451.

47.

Christopher, A. N., Lasane, T. P., Troisi, J. D., &Park, L. E. (2007). Materialism, Defensive and Assertive Self-Presentational Tactics, and Life Satisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(10), 1145-1162.

48.

Collett, L. J., & Lester, D. (1969). The fear of death and the fear of dying. Journal of Psychology, 72, 179-181.

49.

Crumbaugh, J. C., Wood, W. M., & Wood, W. C. (1980). Logotherapy: New help for problem drinkers. Burnham Incorporated Pub.

50.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Play and intrinsic rewards. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15(3), 41-63.

51.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rochberg-Halton, E. (1978). Reflections on materialism. The university of Chicago Magazine, 70(3). 6-15.

52.

Dickens, C. (2017). 크리스마스 캐럴. (이은정역). 서울: 펭귄클래식코리아(원전은 1843에 출판).

53.

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective Wellbeing. Psychological Bulleting, 95, 542-575.

54.

Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., &Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75.

55.

Diener, E. & Oishhi, S. (2000). Money and happiness: Income and subjective well-being acroos nations. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp.185-218), Cambridge Ma: MIT Press.

56.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Km-Prieto, C., Biswas-Diener, R. & Tay, L. S. (2010). Unhappiness in South Korea: Why it is high and What might be done about it. 한국심리학회연차학술대회 논문집, 1-23.

57.

Dittmar, H., Bond, R., Hurst, M., & Kasser, T. (2014). The relationship between materialism and personal well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 879-924.

58.

Feifel, H. (1990). Psychology and death. American Psychologist, 45, 537-543.

59.

Frankl, Viktor E. (1959). The Spiritual Dimension in Existential Analysis and Logotherapy. Journal of Individual Psychology, 15(2), 157-165.

60.

Fry. P. S. (2001). Predictors of health-related quality of life perspectives, self-esteem, and life satisfaction of older adults following spouse loss: An 18-month follow-up study of widows and widowers. The Gerontologist, 41, 787-798.

61.

Gesser, G., Wong, P. T., & Reker, G. T. (1988). Death attitudes across the life-span: The development and validation of the Death Attitude Profile (DAP). Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 18(2), 113-128.

62.

Gobodo-Madikizela, P. (2002). Remorse, forgiveness, and re-humanization: Stories from South Africa. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(1), 7-32.

63.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. Public self and private self, 189, 189-212.

64.

Henderson, L. W., Knight, T. & Richardson, B. (2014). The Hedonic and Eudaimonic Validity of the Orientations to Happiness Scale. Social Indicators Research, 115(3), 1087-1099.

65.

Hoelter, J. W. (1979). Multidimensional treatment of fear of death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 996-999.

66.

Heidegger, M. (2008). 존재와 시간: 인간은 죽음을 향한 존재. (이기상 역). 서울: 살림(원전은 1927에 출판).

67.

Hirschberger, G., Ein-Dor, T., & Almakias, S. (2008). The self-protective altruist: Terror management and the ambivalent nature of prosocial behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(5), 666-678.

68.

Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlations of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.

69.

Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. (1996). Further examing the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280-287.

70.

Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In P. Schmuck & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (pp.116-131). Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber.

71.

Kashdan, T. B., & Breen, W. E. (2007). Materialism and diminished well-being:Experiential avoidance as a mediating mechanism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(5), 521-539.

72.

Kübler-Ross. E. (1997) Death. New York: Simon & Schuster.

73.

Kübler-Ross. E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: Macmillan.

74.

Klug. L., & Sinha, A. (1987). Death acceptance: A two-component formulation and scale. Omega, 18, 229-235.

75.

Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American psychologist, 41(1), 3-13.

76.

Mandel, N., & Heine, S. J. (1999). Terror management and marketing: He who dies with the most toys wins. ACR North American Advances.

77.

Mandel, N., & Smeesters, D. (2008). The sweet escape: Effects of mortality salience on consumption quantities for high-and low-self-esteem consumers. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(2), 309-323.

78.

Mick, D. G. (1996). Are Studies of Dark Side Variables Confounded by Socially Desirable Responding? The Case of Materialism. Journal of Consumer Research, 23(2), 106-119.

79.

Miller, S. S. (2009). Materialism and psychosocial maladjustment: What accounts for the relation?. University of Oregon.

80.

Morgan, J., & Robinson, O. (2013). Intrinsic aspirations and personal meaning across adulthood: Conceptual interrelations and age/sex differences. Developmental Psychology, 49(5), 999-1010.

81.

Neuberger, J. (2004). Dying well: a guide to enabling a good death. Radcliffe.

82.

Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Orientation to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(1), 25-41.

83.

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.

84.

Richins, M. L., & Dawwon, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialims and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 303-316.

85.

Rindfleisch, A., Burroughs, J. E., & Wong, N. (2008). The safety of objects: Materialism, existential insecurity, and brand connection. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(1), 1-16.

86.

Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological inquiry, 9(1), 1-28.

87.

Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774-788.

88.

Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543.

89.

Solberg, E. G., Diener, E., & Robinson, M. D. (2004). Why are materialists less satisfied?. In T. Kasser & A. D. Kanner (Eds.), Psychology and consumer culture (pp.29-48). Washington, DC: APA.

90.

Spilka, B., Minton, B., Sizemore, D., & Stout, L. (1977). Death and personal faith: A psychometric investigation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 169-178.

91.

Tsang, J., Carpneter, T. P., Robert, M. B. Carlisle, R. D. (2014). Why are materialists less happy? The role of gratitude and need satisfaction in the relationship between materialism and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 62-66.

92.

Wong, P. T. (2008). Meaning management theory and death acceptance. In Adrian Tomer, Grafton. T. Eliason, Paul T. P. Wong (Eds), Existential and spiritual issues in death attitudes (pp.65-87). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

93.

Wong, N. Y, & Ahuvia, A. C. (1998). Personal taste and family face: luxury consumption in Confucian and Western societies. Psychol Mark, 15(5), 423-441.

94.

Wong, P. T., Reker, G. T., & Gesser, G. (1994). Death Attitude Profile-Revised: A multidimensional measure of attitudes toward death. Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application, 121.

95.

Wong, P. T., & Tomer, A. (2011). Beyond terror and denial: The positive psychology of death acceptance. Taylor & Francis.

96.

Vail. K. E, Juhl. J., Arndt. J., Vess. M., Routledge, C., & Bastiaan T. R. (2012). When death is good for life: Considering the positive trajectories of terror management. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 303-329.

97.

Vail Ⅲ, Juhl, Arndt, Vess, Routledge, & Rutjens, (2012). When Death is Good for Life:Considering the Positive Trajectories of Terror Management. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 303-329.

98.

Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2008). Merely activating the concept of money changes personal and interpersonal behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 208-212.

logo