바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

메뉴

The Effects of Social Skills Training Program in the Elderly

Abstract

The present study investigated the effects of a social skills training program for older adults. The program was composed of education and training regarding social role and social relationship, identification and differentiation of emotions, empathy, expression of emotions and thoughts, mind reading, etc. Thirty older adults (M=72.17, SD=4.02) of the experiment group were compared with 29 older adults (M=75.00, SD=5.78) who participated in the cognitive training program and 27 older adults (M=70.67, SD=3.23) without any treatment. Trained older adults showed benefits in emotion regulation, empathy, mind reading, and subjective well-being, and parts of these training benefits were maintained at a one month follow-up. These findings suggest that this program may either help the maintenance or improvement of older adults' social skills. Result implication, research limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed.

keywords
Submission Date
2018-04-13
Revised Date
2018-06-03
Accepted Date
2018-06-05

Reference

1.

구재선, 서은국 (2011). 단축형 행복 척도(COMOSWB) 개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25(1), 95-113.

2.

구효진, 이봉건 (2011). 사회인지 동영상을 활용한 사회성 기술훈련이 정신분열병 환자의 대인관계기술에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 30(2), 381-396.

3.

김영경 (2014). 노화에 따른 얼굴표정 정서인식능력의 변화. 인간발달연구, 21(1), 19-34.

4.

김영경, 김혜리 (2015). 노년기 인지기능 향상프로그램의 효과. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 28(4), 87-108.

5.

김영경, 진영선, (2013). 정서인지기능이 탈화제 발언에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지:발달, 26(3), 47-69.

6.

박성희 (1997). 공감, 공감적 이해. 서울: 원미사.

7.

송인혜, 김혜리, 조경자, 이수미 (2008). 얼굴표정을 통한 정서 읽기 능력의 성인기 발달. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 21(3), 63-80.

8.

신현균, 원호택 (1997). 한국판 감정표현불능증척도 개발 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(2), 219-231.

9.

이수정, 이훈구 (1997). Trait Meta-Mood Scale의 타당화에 관한 연구: 정서지능의 하위 요인에 대한 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및성격, 11(1), 95-116.

10.

정인과, 곽동일, 조숙행, 이현수 (1998). 한국형노인우울검사 표준화에 대한 예비연구. 신경정신의학, 37(2), 340-351.

11.

최은실, 방희정 (2013) 정서인식 및 표현능력향상 프로그램의 효과 연구. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 26(1), 17-39.

12.

최현옥, 김혜리 (2013). 노년기 마음읽기 능력과 사회적 적응. 한국심리학회지: 발달. 26(4), 21-39.

13.

Almeida, D. M. (2005). Resilience and vulnerability to daily stressors assessed via diary methods. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 64-68.

14.

Arbuckle, T. Y., Nohara-LeClair, M., & Pushkar Gold, D. (2000). Effects of off-target verbosity on communication efficiency in a referential communication task. Psychology and Aging, 15, 65-77.

15.

Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-Ⅱ. convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 33-40.

16.

Bailey, P. E., Henry, J. D., & Hippel, W. V. (2008). Empathy and social functioning in late adulthood. Aging & Mental Health, 12(4), 499-503.

17.

Baron-Cohen, S. (2003). Essential difference: male and female brain and the truth about autism. 김혜리, 이승복 역. (2007). 그 남자의 뇌, 그 여자의 뇌. 서울: 바다출판사.

18.

Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a ‘theory of mind’? Cognition, 21, 37-6.

19.

Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 355-364.

20.

Bath, P. A., & Deeg, D. (2005). Social engagement and health outcomes among older people: Introduction to a special section. European Journal of Aging, 2, 24-30.

21.

Birditt, K. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2003). Age and gender differences in adults' descriptions of emotional reactions to interpersonal problems. Journals of Gerontology Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 237-245.

22.

Blair, R. J. R. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(4), 698-718.

23.

Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manly, T., Sprengelmeyer, R., Scott, S., Nimmo-Smith, I., et al. (2003). Facial expression recognition across the adult life span. Neuropsychologia, 41, 195-202.

24.

Carstensen, L. L. (2011). A long bright future 김혜리, 김영경 역. (2017). 길고 멋진 미래. 서울: 박영사.

25.

Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for sociomotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7, 331-338.

26.

Carstensen, L. L., Mayr, U., Pasupathi, M., &Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644-655.

27.

Ciarochi,J. V., Chan, A. Y. C., & Caputi, P. (2000). A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 539-561.

28.

Charles, S. T., & Almeida, D. M. (2006). Daily reports of symptoms and negative affect: Not all symptoms are the same. Psychology and Health, 21, 1-17.

29.

Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach, Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.

30.

Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005). Perspective-taking and self-other overlap:Fostering social bonds and facilitating social coordination. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 109-24.

31.

Ghasemain, A., & Kumar, G. V. (2017). Enhancement of emotional empathy through life skills training among adolescents-a comparative study. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 12(1), 177-185.

32.

Granholm, E., McQuaid, J. R., McClure, F. S., Auslander, L. A., Perivoliotis, D., Pedrelli, P., Patterson, T., Jeste, D. V. (2005). A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Am Journal of Psychiatry, 162(3), 520-529.

33.

Granholm, E., McQuaid, J. R., McClure, F. S., Link, P. C., Perivoliotis, D., Gottlieb, J. D., Patterson, T. L., Jeste, D. V. (2007). Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for older people with schizophrenia: 12-month follow-up. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(5), 730-737.

34.

Gross, J. J., & Urry, H. L. (2010). Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 19(6), 352-357.

35.

Halberstadt, J., Ruffman, T., Murray, J., Taumoepeau, M., & Ryan, M. (2011). Emotion perception explains age-related differences in the perception of social gaffes. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 133-136.

36.

Happé, F. G. E. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 129-154.

37.

Happé, F. G. E., Winner, E., & Brownell, H. (1998). The getting of wisdom: Theory of mind in old age. Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 358-362.

38.

Harciarek, M., & Heilman, K. M. (2009). The contribution of anterior and posterior regions of the right hemisphere to the recognition of emotional faces. (2009). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(3), 322-330.

39.

Hausmann, M., Gunturkun, O., & Corballis, M. C. (2003). Age-related changes in hemispheric asymmetry depend on sex. Laterality, 8, 277-290.

40.

Horning, S. M., Cornwell, R. E., & Davis, H. P. (2012). The recognition of facial expressions:An investigation of the influence of age and cognition. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19(6), 657-676.

41.

House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umverison, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540-545.

42.

Isaacowitz, D. M., Löckenhoff, C. E., Lane, R. D., Wright, R., Sechrest, L., Riedel, R., et al. (2007). Age differences in recognition of emotion in lexical stimuli and facial expressions. Psychology and Aging, 22, 147-159.

43.

Maylor, E. A., Moulson, J. M., Muncer, A., &Taylor, L. A. (2002). Does performance on theory of mind tasks decline in old age? British Journal of Psychology, 93, 465-485.

44.

McDonald, L., & Stuart-Hamilton, I. (2003). Egocentrism in older adults: Piaget's three mountains task revisited. Educational Gerontologt, 29, 417-425.

45.

Mill, A., Allik, J., Realo, A., & Valk, R. (2009). Age-related differences in emotion recognition ability: A cross-sectional syudy. Emotion, 9(5), 619-630.

46.

Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695-699.

47.

Orgeta, V. (2006). Specificity of age differences in emotion regulation. Aging & Nental Health, 13(6), 818-826.

48.

Orastein, P. A., & Light, L. L. (2010). Memory development across the life span. In R. M. Lerner (Series Ed.) & W. F. Overton (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of life-slan development: Vol. 1. Biology, cognition, and methods across the life span (pp. 295-305). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

49.

Pecukonis, E. V. (1990). A cognitive/affective empathy training program as a function of ego development in aggressive adolescent females. Adolescence, 25(97), 59-76.

50.

Piaget, J. J. (1950). The psychology of intelligence. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

51.

Piaget, J. J. (1932). The moral judgement of the child. Oxford, England: Harcourt, Brace.

52.

Pichora-Fuller, M. K., & Singh, G. (2006). Effects of age on auditory and cognitive processing:Implications for hearing aid fitting and audiologic rehabilitation. Trends in Amplification, 10, 29-59.

53.

Pushkar Gold, D., Basevitz, P., Arbuckle, T., Nohara-LeClair, M., Lapidus, S., & Peled, M. (2000). Social behavior and off-target vervosity in elderly people. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 361-374.

54.

Rakoczy, H., Harder-Kasten, A., & Sturm, L. (2012). The decline of theory of mind in old age is (partly) mediated by developmental changes in domain-general abilities. British Journal of Psychology, 103, 58-72.

55.

Rocke, C., Li, S. C., & Smith, J. (2009). Intraindividual variability in positive and negative affect over 45 days: do older adults fluctuate less than young adults? Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 863-878.

56.

Rőnnlund, M., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., et al., (2005). Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory:Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study. Psychology and Aging, 20, 3-18.

57.

Ruffman, T., Henry, D. J., Livingstone, V., &Phillips, L. H. (2008). A meta- analytic review of emotion recognition and aging:Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 863-881.

58.

Ryan, M., Murray, J., & Ruffman, T. (2010). Aging and the perception of emotion:Processing vocal expressions alone and with faces. Experimental Aging Research, 36, 1-22.

59.

Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. In J. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, Disclosure, and Health (pp. 125-154). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.

60.

Salthouse, T. A. (2004). What and when of cognitive aging. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 13, 140-144.

61.

Scialfa, C. T. (2002). The role of sensory factors in cognitive aging research. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 153-163.

62.

Schugens, M. M., Daum, I., Spindler, M., &Birnbaumer, N. (1997). Differential effect of aging on explicit and implicit memory. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 4, 33-44.

63.

Silver, H., Goodman, C., Knolla, G., & Isakov, V. (2004). Brief emotion training improves recognition of facial emotions in chronic schizophrenia. a pilot study. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 128, 147-154.

64.

Slessor, G., Phillips, L. H., & Bull, R. (2007). Exploring the Specificity of age-related differences in theory of mind tasks. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 639-643.

65.

Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution. Psychological Record, 56(1), 3-21.

66.

Spell, L. A., & Frank, E. (2000), Recognition of nonverbal communication of affect following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 285-300.

67.

Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R. T. (1998). Frontal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind. Journal of cognitive Neuroscience, 10(5), 640-656.

68.

Stuart-Hamilton, I. (1996). Dictionary of developmental psychology. (Rev. paperback ed.)London: Jessica Kingsley.

69.

Sullivan, S., & Ruffman, T. (2004a). Emotion recognition deficits in the elderly. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114, 403-432.

70.

Sullivan, S., & Ruffman, T. (2004b). Social understanding: How does it fare with advancing years? British Journal of Psychology, 95, 1-18.

71.

West, J. T., Horning, S. M., Klebe, K. J., Foster, S. M., Cornwell, R. E., Perrett, D., et al. (2012). Age effects on emotion recognition in facial displays: From 20 to 89 years of age. Experimental Aging Research, 38, 146-168.

72.

Williams, L. M., Brown, K. J., Palmer, D., Liddell, B. J., Kemp, A. H., Olivieri, G., Peduto, A., Gordon, E. (2006). The mellow years?: neural basis of improving emotional stability over age. The Journal of Neuroscience 26, 6422-6430.

73.

Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M. B., & Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37-49.

74.

Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 355-364.

logo