바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

메뉴

The Effect of Search for Meaning on Subjective Well-being in Middle-aged adult: Mediating Role of Generativity, Meaning Presence, Spirituality

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate gender differences and the mediating effect of generativity, meaning presence and spirituality between search for meaning in life and subjective well-being. A total of 391 middle-aged adults(156 males and 235 females) participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationship between each factors and to analyze the difference between males and females. As the result of this research, we found the fully-mediated effect of the presence of meaning in the relationship of the search for meaning and subjective well-being. Generativity mediated the effect of search for meaning on meaning presence, while meaning presence mediated both the relationship between search for meaning and spirituality and the relationship between generativity and subjective well-being. The effect of spirituality on subjective well-being for male participants was stronger than that of female participants. Limitations of the current study and implications for future study were discussed.

keywords
Submission Date
2018-10-15
Revised Date
2018-11-27
Accepted Date
2018-12-03

Reference

1.

고기숙 (2003). 중년기 남성의 심리적 위기에 관한 연구. 성균관대학교 박사학위논문.

2.

김경미, 류승아, 최인철 (2011). 삶의 의미가노년기 행복과 건강에 미치는 영향: 청년기와 노년기를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지:일반, 30(2), 503-523.

3.

김경은, 곽금주, 민하영, 최지영, 전숙영 (2011). 한국 직장 남성의 중년에 대한 인식. 인간발달연구, 18(3), 135-155.

4.

김경희, 이희경 (2013). 긍정정서와 자기결정성요인이 삶의 의미에 미치는 영향. 상담학연구, 12(4), 1353-1370.

5.

김명소, 김혜원, 차경호, 임지영, 한영석 (2003). 한국 성인의 행복한 삶의 구성요인 탐색및 척도개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 8(2), 415-442.

6.

김명소, 한영석 (2006). 한국인의 행복지수 공식 개발. 조사연구, 7(2), 1-38.

7.

김보라, 신희천 (2010). 자아탄력성과 삶의 의미가 외상후 성장에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 22(1), 117-136.

8.

김주환, 김민규, 홍세희 (2009). 구조방정식 모형으로 논문쓰기. 서울: 커뮤니케이션북스.

9.

박선영, 권석만 (2012). 삶의 의미에 대한 이론적 고찰과 임상적 함의. 한국심리학회지:일반, 31(3), 741-768.

10.

박영신, 김의철 (2011). 중년기 성인 남녀의 행복 형성 요인: 전업주부, 취업주부와 그들의 남편을 중심으로. 인간발달연구, 18(1), 65-108.

11.

박은선 (2013). 중년 남성의 나이듦에 대한 해석학적 현상학 연구. 이화여자대학교 박사학위논문.

12.

박은선, 박지아 (2013). 삶의 의미 연구의 국내동향과 과제. 사회과학논총, 29(1), 267-299.

13.

서경현, 전겸구 (2004). 영적 안녕, 생활 스트레스 및 대처. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9(2), 333-350.

14.

신주연, 이윤아, 이기학 (2005). 삶의 의미와정서조절 양식이 청소년의 심리적 안녕에미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 17, 1035-1057

15.

안정신, 정영숙, 정여진, 서수균, Cooney, T. M. (2011). 성공적 노화 연구의 비판적 고찰. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 24(3), 35-54.

16.

오경석 (2001). 청년, 중년, 노년의 생성감. 한국노년학, 21(1), 59-71.

17.

원두리, 김교헌, 권선중 (2005). 한국판 삶의의미척도의 타당화 연구: 대학생을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 10(2), 211-225.

18.

유성경, 김유진 (2015). 삶의 의미추구와 주관적, 심리적 안녕감의 관계에서 의미발견및 기본심리욕구 충족의 매개효과. 상담학연구, 16(2), 53-75.

19.

유성경, 박은선, 김수정, 조효진 (2014). 삶의의미와 정신건강과의 관계에 관한 메타분석: 1997년-2013년 국내연구를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33(2), 441-465.

20.

이경열, 김정희, 김동원 (2003). 한국인을 위한영성척도의 개발. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 15(4), 711-728.

21.

이옥희, 이지연 (2012). 중년기 생성감 척도개발 및 타당화. 상담학 연구, 13(2), 665-688.

22.

전경숙 (2010). 한국 중년의 안녕감: 행복과 삶의 의미에 대한 척도 개발 및 집단 간 비교. 중앙대학교 박사학위논문.

23.

정미영 (2009). 삶의 의미발견과정에 관한 연구:의미추구, 의미발견, 사생관 및 가치관을중심으로. 한양대학교 박사학위논문.

24.

정주리, 이기학 (2007). 의미발견을 통한 의미추구와 주관적 안녕감의 모형검증: 문제해결 책임감과 긍정적 재해석을 매개로. 상담학연구, 8(4), 1309-1321

25.

최혜경, 안정신 (1999). 이혼이 여성의 친밀감과 생성감 발달에 미치는 영향. 인간발달연구, 6(1), 123-138.

26.

홍세희 (2001). 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정과 그 근거. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19(2), 161-177.

27.

홍승정, 윤미경, 이세원, 안혜경, 유시영 (2013). 중․노년층 남성의 성공적 노화 영향요인. 한국산학기술학회논문지, 14(7), 3275-3283.

28.

홍주연, 윤 미 (2013). 중년여성의 영성이 행복과 우울에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 18(1), 219-242.

29.

Ackerman, S., Zuroff, D. C., & Moskowitz, D. S. (2000). Generativity in midlife and young adults: Links to agency, communion, and subjective well-being. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 50(1), 17-41.

30.

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.

31.

Atchley, R. C. (2009). Spirituality and Aging. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

32.

Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meaning of life. New York: Guilford.

33.

Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2002). The pursuit of meaningfulness in life. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 608-618). New York:Oxford University Press.

34.

Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging:The model of selective optimization with compensation. In Baltes, P. B., & Baltes M. M. (Eds.), Successful aging: perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York:Cambridge University Press.

35.

Bauer, J. J., McAdams, D. P., & Sakeda, A. R. (2005). Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 203-217.

36.

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.

37.

Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural Equation Modeling: Perspectives on the Present and the Future. International Journal of Testing, 1(3), 327-334.

38.

Chandler, C., Holden, J. M., & Kolander, C. (1992). Counseling for Spiritual Wellness:Theory and Practice. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71(2), 168-175.

39.

Cohen, K., & Cairns, R. D. (2010). Is searching for meaning in life associated with reduced subjective and psychological well-being? International Journal of Existential Psychology &Psychotherapy, 3(1), 1-5.

40.

Compton, W. C. (2007). 긍정심리학 입문 (서은국, 성민선, 김진주 역). 서울: 박학사. (원서출판 2005).

41.

Davis, C. G., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2000). Searching for meaning in loss: Are clinical assumptions correct? Death Studies, 24(6), 497-540.

42.

De Lazzari, S. A. (2000). Emotional intelligence, meaning, and psychological well being: A comparison between early and late adolescence (Unpublished master’s thesis). Langley, BC, Canada: Trinity Western University.

43.

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.

44.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.

45.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.

46.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (1997). Recent findings on subjective well-being. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 25-41.

47.

Dillon, M., & Wink, P. (2003). Religiousness and spirituality: trajectories and vital involvement in late adulthood. In Dillon, M. (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Religion (pp. 179-189). New York: Cambridge University Press.

48.

Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being:Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330-338.

49.

Emery, E. E., & Pargament, K. I. (2004). The many faces of religious coping in late life:Conceptualization, measurement and links to well-being. Ageing International, 29(1), 3-27.

50.

Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is Spirituality an Intelligence? Motivation, Cognition, and the Psychology of Ultimate Concern. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3-26.

51.

Emmons, R. A., Colby, P. M., & Kaiser, H. A. (1998). When lossses lead to gains: Personal goals and the recovery of meaning. In P. T. P. Wong & P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaningV(pp. 163-178). Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum.

52.

Emmons, R. A., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2003). The psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 377-402.

53.

Erikson, E. H. (1976). Childhood and society (6th ed.). England: Penguin books. (Original work published 1950)

54.

Erikson, E. F., Erikson, J .M., & Kivnick, H. Q. (1986). Vital involvement in old age: The experience of old age in our time. New York:Norton.

55.

Evandrou, M., Glaser, K., & Henz, U. (2002). Multiple Role Occupancy in Midlife: Balancing Work and Family Life in Britain. The Gerontologist, 42(6), 781-789.

56.

Finch, J. F., West, S. G., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1997). Effects of sample size and nonnormality on the estimation of mediated effects in latent variable models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 4(2), 87-107.

57.

Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s search for meaning:An introduction to logotherapy. New York:Washington Square Press.

58.

Frankl, V. E. (1984). 빅터 프랭클의 죽음의 수용소에서 (이시형 역). 서울: 청아출판사. (원서출판 1946).

59.

Genia V., & Cooke, B. A. (1998). Women at midlife: Spiritual maturity and life satisfaction. Journal of Religion and Health, 37(2), 115-124.

60.

Hadzic, M. (2011). Spirituality and Mental Health:Current Research and Future Directions. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 13(4), 223-235.

61.

Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality, implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64-74.

62.

Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, J. M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(1), 51-77.

63.

Hofer, J., Busch, H., Au, A., Poláčková Šolcová, I., Tavel, P., & Tsien Wong, T. (2014). For the benefit of others: Generativity and meaning in life in the elderly in four cultures. Psychology and Aging, 29(4), 764-775.

64.

Julian, R. (1992). The practice of psychotherapy and spiritual direction. Journal of Religion and Health, 31, 309-315.

65.

Kennedy, J. E., Davis, R. C., & Taylor, B. G. (1998). Changes in spirituality and well-being among victims of sexual assault. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 322-328.

66.

Keyes, C. L. M., & Ryff, C. D. (1998). Generativity in adult lives: Social structural contours and quality of life consequences. In D. P. McAdams & E. de St. Aubin (Eds.), Generativity and adult development. (pp. 227-263). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

67.

Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing wellbeing: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022.

68.

Kiang, L., & Fuligni, A. J. (2010). Meaning in Life as a Mediator of Ethnic Identity and Adjustment Among Adolescents from Latin, Asian, and European American Backgrounds. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1253-1264.

69.

Kiesling, C., Sorell, G. T., Montgomery, M. J., & Colwell, R. K. (2006). Identity and spirituality: A psychosocial exploration of the sense of spiritual self. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1269-1277.

70.

Kline, T. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

71.

Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 305-331.

72.

MacDonald, D. A. (2000). Spirituality: Description, measurement, and relation to the five factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 68(1), 153-197.

73.

McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100-122.

74.

McAdams, D. P., & de St Aubin, E. D. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1003-1015.

75.

McAdams, D. P., de St Aubin, E. D., & Logan, R. L. (1993). Generativity among young, midlife and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 221-230.

76.

McMullin, J. A., & Marshall, V. W. (1996). Family, friends, stress and well-being: Does childlessness make a difference? Canadian Journal on Aging, 15(3), 355-373.

77.

Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58(1), 24-35.

78.

Morfei, M. Z., Hooker, K., Carpenter, J., Mix, C., & Blakeley, E. (2004). Agentic and communal generative behavior in four areas of adult life: Implications for psychological well-being. Journal of Adult Development, 11(1), 55-58.

79.

Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmer, J. M. (2000). The Wheel of Wellness counseling for wellness: A holistic model for treatment planning. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(3), 251-266.

80.

Neugarten, B. L. (1975). Middle age and aging. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

81.

Paloutzian, R., & Ellison, C. (1983). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of life. In L. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 224-237). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

82.

Park, C. L., & Ai, A. L. (2006). Meaning making and growth: New directions for research on survivors of trauma. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11(5), 389-407.

83.

Peterson, C., Park, N., Hall, N., & Seligman, M. (2009). Zest and work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 161-172.

84.

Peterson, B. E., & Stewart, A. J. (1996). Antecedentsand contexts of generativity motivation in midlife. Psychology and Aging, 11(1), 21-33.

85.

Reker, G. T. (2005). Meaning in life of young, middle-aged, and older adults: Factorial validity, age, and gender invariance of the Personal Meaning Index. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(1), 71-85.

86.

Reker, G. T., Peacock, E. J., & Wong, P. T. P. (1987). Meaning and purpose in life and well-being: A life-span perspective. Journal of Gerontology, 42(1), 44-49.

87.

Rothrauff, T., & Cooney, T. M. (2006). The Role of Generativity in Psychological Well-Being:Does it Differ for Childless Adults and Parents? Journal of Adult Development, 15(3), 148-159.

88.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166.

89.

Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1-28.

90.

Sadler, W. (2000). 서드 에이지, 마흔 이후 30년. (김경숙 역). 서울: 사이. (원서출판1999).

91.

Schoklitsch, A. (2012). Generativity and aging: A promising future research topic? Journal of Aging Studies, 26(3), 262-272.

92.

Steger, M. F. (2012). Making Meaning in Life. Psychological Inquiry, 23(4), 381-385.

93.

Steger, M. F., & Frazier, P. (2005). Meaning in Life: One link in the chain from religion to well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 574-582.

94.

Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire:Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93.

95.

Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., & Oishi. S. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 43-52.

96.

Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: personalty, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 199-228.

97.

Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kesebir, S. (2011). Is a life without meaning satisfying? The moderating role of the search for meaning in satisfaction with life judgments. Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(3), 1-12.

98.

Stewart, A. J., Ostrove, J. M., & Helson, R. (2001). Middle aging in women: Patterns of personality change from the 30s to the 50s. Journal of Adult Development, 8(1), 23-37.

99.

Stewart, A. J., Vandewater, E. A., McAdams, D. P., & de St Aubin, E. (1998). Generativity and adult development: How and why we care for the next generation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

100.

Stoll R. I. (1989). The essence of spirituality. In V. B. Carson (Eds). Spiritual Dimentions of Nursing Practice (pp. 4-23). W. B., Philadelphia: Saunders.

101.

Vash, C. L. (1994). Personality and adversity: Psycho spiritual aspects of rehabilitation. New York:Springer Publishing.

102.

Walker, S. F. (2012). Midlife transformation in literature and film (Jungian and Eriksonian perspectives). New York: Routledge.

103.

Westgate, C. E. (1996). Spiritual wellness and depression. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75(1), 26-35.

104.

Wills, E. (2009). Spirituality and Subjective Well-Being: Evidences for a New Domain in the Personal Well-Being Index. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(1), 10-49.

105.

Wong, P. T. (1989). Personal meaning and successful aging. Canadian Psychology, 30(3), 516-525.

106.

Zhang, Z., & Hayward, M. D. (2001). Childlessness and the psychological well-being of older persons. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(5), 311-320.

logo