본 연구는 한국 대학생 집단을 대상으로 한국인 자존감의 문화적, 성별 차이를 다루었다. 연구 1에서는 다차원자존감척도(MSEI; E. J. O'Brien & S. Epstein, 1988)를 사용하여 한국인과 미국인 및 한국인 남녀 간의 자존감 구성요인의 공통점과 차이점을 살펴보았다. 요인분석 결과, 한국인의 경우 능력, 인정, 자신감, 미래상, 외모(얼굴), 의지, 도덕성, 신체(몸) 및 호감의 총 9개 요인이 확인되었다. 미국인의 경우 외모, 신체 기능, 사적 권력, 도덕적 자기인정, 정체성 통합, 유능성, 방어적 자기향상, 일반 자존감, 자기 통제, 애정(loveability), 호감(likability)의 총 11개 요인이 확인되었다. 한미간의 공통요인으로는 외모, 도덕성, 능력(유능성), 의지(자기통제) 및 호감 요인이었다. 한국인 자료에서는 타인으로부터의 인정, 미국인 자료에서는 사적 권력과 방어적 자기향상 등 나머지 요인들에서는 차이가 났다. 이 차이는 한국인과 미국인이 집합주의와 개인주의 특성을 가진 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 한국인 성인자존감 척도(차경호, 홍기원, 김명소, 한영석, 2006)를 대학생들에게 실시한 결과는 성인의 결과와 일치하였다. 이것은 이 척도의 타당성을 입증한 결과라는 점에 의의가 있다. 한국인 남녀 간의 요인구성에서도 차이가 발견 되었다. 연구 2에서는 남녀 간의 성차를 더 보기 위하여 상호의존성 측면과 독립성 측면에서 남녀 간의 자존감 구성요인의 차이점이 있는지를 살펴보았다. 상호의존성 측면에서는 남녀 간 차이가 없었지만, 독립성 차원에서는 남녀 간에 차이가 두드러졌다. 즉, 남성들이 여성들에 비하여 훨씬 독립적이었다. 상호의존성에서 차이를 보이지 않은 것은 남녀 모두 소속욕구에 있어서 동일하기에 차이를 보이지 않은 선행연구들을 지지한 것이지만, 상호의존성의 두 하위 차원인 관계적 상호의존과 집합적 상호의존에서의 차이를 보이지 않은 점은 선행연구들과 다른 결과를 보인 것이다. 이러한 차이를 중심으로 연구의 시사점과 제한점을 논의하였다.
Cultural and gender differences of Korean students were tested in this paper. Korean Self-esteem Scale developed by Cha, Hong, Kim, & Han, 2006) and Multiple Self-esteem Indicator((MSEI) proposed by E. J. B'Brien & S. Epstein(1988) was employed to test the commonalities and differences in both gender of Korean students in study 1. Nine factors were emerged among Korean students through factor analyses: Ability, acknowledgement, self-confidence, appearance, volition, morality, body, and liking. On the other hand, 11 factors of self-esteem were identified among American students: Appearance, body function, personal power, moral self-approval, identity-integration, ability, defensive self-improvement, general self-esteem, self-control, loveability, likability. Hence, appearances, morality, ability, volition, and likability were common while approval from others of Korean and personal power and defensive self-improvement of American were distinguished between two cultures, which can be interpreted as a characteristic patterns of Korean and American as collectivism and individualism. And there was gender difference between Korean males and females on the factor components, which is a significant validation of this scale. Interdependent and independent aspects of both gender's components of self-esteem were tested in study 2. There was a significant gender gap in the independent dimension of self-esteem, but no difference was showed in the interdependent dimension. Korean male students were far more independent compared to Korean female students. Also, no gap in collective interdependence and relational interdependence, which are two sub-components of interdependence expected different in both gender, was shown between Korean male and female students. Suggestions and limitations centered on differences in interdependent dimension between both gender were discussed.
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