Cultural and gender differences of Korean students were tested in this paper. Korean Self-esteem Scale developed by Cha, Hong, Kim, & Han, 2006) and Multiple Self-esteem Indicator((MSEI) proposed by E. J. B'Brien & S. Epstein(1988) was employed to test the commonalities and differences in both gender of Korean students in study 1. Nine factors were emerged among Korean students through factor analyses: Ability, acknowledgement, self-confidence, appearance, volition, morality, body, and liking. On the other hand, 11 factors of self-esteem were identified among American students: Appearance, body function, personal power, moral self-approval, identity-integration, ability, defensive self-improvement, general self-esteem, self-control, loveability, likability. Hence, appearances, morality, ability, volition, and likability were common while approval from others of Korean and personal power and defensive self-improvement of American were distinguished between two cultures, which can be interpreted as a characteristic patterns of Korean and American as collectivism and individualism. And there was gender difference between Korean males and females on the factor components, which is a significant validation of this scale. Interdependent and independent aspects of both gender's components of self-esteem were tested in study 2. There was a significant gender gap in the independent dimension of self-esteem, but no difference was showed in the interdependent dimension. Korean male students were far more independent compared to Korean female students. Also, no gap in collective interdependence and relational interdependence, which are two sub-components of interdependence expected different in both gender, was shown between Korean male and female students. Suggestions and limitations centered on differences in interdependent dimension between both gender were discussed.
This study examined the mediating role of collective self-esteem in the relationship between personal self-esteem and career aspiration, and the mediating effects of personal self-esteem and collective self-esteem on the link between social support and career aspiration. Also, This study explored whether the development of career aspiration differs by gender. A total of 316 undergraduate students(155 male and 161 female) completed measures of social support, personal self-esteem, collective self-esteem and career aspiration. Structural equation modeling results provided support for the mediating effects of personal self-esteem and collective self-esteem, In addition, the relationship model differed by gender. The results showed that the full mediation model fit of collective self-esteem in the relationship between individual self-esteem and career aspiration was better than the partial mediation model fit. Next, in the relation of social support and career aspiration, the partial mediating effect of individual self-esteem and collective self esteem was significant. Lastly, when the model of social support, individual self-esteem, and collective self-esteem, and career aspiration was tested to examine gender differences, the relations among these variables were found to be different according to gender-difference. These results suggest that evaluations and perceptions on the individual's social group as well as the individual influedced to career aspiration, interacting with the environmental factors. Also, the gender-difference of relationship model indicates that it might be different from men and women in psychological mechanism in the career aspiration formation.
The purposes of this study were to investigate the gender differences in the relationship of depressive symptoms and professional help-seeking. Specifically, it was examined that what the psychological factors were influenced on professional help-seeking, and whether gender differences existed or not in its process. Data were collected from the total of 946 adults including 383 male and 583 female in general population. The results of this study were followed: female had got higher than male on the ratio of depression and response of depressive items. Female were reported more depressive mood and interpersonal alienation than male on depressive items. On the contrary, though it was not significant, male were reported more withdrawal behavior than female on depressive item. Male had more a positive attitude toward community mental health ideology than female, but they were showed the negative attitude to seek help for depression. All of adults with depressive symptom did not active to seek help. The income and age were contributed to seek help in female but the attitude toward mental illness was influenced on it in male. Therefore, to increase people's professional help-seeking are needed to draw support system of depressive person and should give them to the psycho-education for depression including mental illness.
This study examined the attitudes regarding the sex role egalitarianism and the gender equality policies. Especially, this study was to investigate relations between gender egalitarianism, opposition to affirmative action and perception of the justice. This study analyzed the results of 1,522 Korean women(n=506) and men(n=1016). According to results, women, younger aged group, more educations group and urban dwellers showed more favorable attitude toward the sex role egalitarianism than man, old aged group, low educational group and rural dwellers. But, the sex difference in the attitude toward sex role egalitarianism was to greater the younger aged group than the old aged group. Results of the analysis of the attitude regarding gender equality policies suggested that women showed more favorable attitudes than man. The results of the multiple regression mediation analysis demonstrated that people's prejudice level was positively associated with opposition toward affirmative action policies. Moreover, the prejudice was partially mediated through the justice based opposition. The significance, implications, and limitations of these findings were discussed and topics to be investigated in the future study were mentioned.
The purpose of this study is to provide an objective index of mental health of middle-class grandmothers raising their grandchildren, who representatively undertake the role of surrogate mother in our society, through comparing their positive/negative variables of mental health which can be experienced by caregiving, with non-caregiving grandmothers.This study examined depression, life satisfaction, parenting stress, and grandparents meaning of middle-class caregiving-grandmothers who undertake bringing up of four-to-six-year-old grandchildren and non-caregiving-grandmothers, and thus, conducted comparative research of their mental health and parenting stress. The results indicate that the caregiving-grandmothers were distinctly depressed, had lower life satisfaction, and experienced higher level of parenting stress when compared to non-caregiving-grandmothers. On the other hand, no significant difference among the two groups were found in grandparent meaning. When classified groups according to caregiving-time and caregiving-choice, intermediate-caregiving group who had less caregiving-time showed more depression so that revealed vulnerability of mental health when compared with the extensive-caregiving group who had more caregiving-time. In the classification according to caregiving-choice, forced-choice group showed more depression, less life-satisfaction, and higher parenting stress as compared with free-choice group. Present study discussed the effect of grandmother parenting in perspective of choice of parenting and role-identification.
The study aims to examine the influence of value judgement and punishment goal on sentencing depending on gender. For this aim, the data were collected from 230 students. They sentenced of felony cases(murder, assault, kidnapping) and property crime(larceny, fraud, destruction) and made judgments on their value and punishment goals of those cases. The result shows the strong gender effects in the judgments of the evolutional and moral value of crime and retribution goals. However, there was no gender differences in sentencing. Multiple regression was conducted to find out the influence of value judgement and punishment goal on sentencing depending on gender. As results, retribution turned out to be a significant criterion variable both for men and women. Moreover, the moral value of crime was another significant criterion variable for women in sentencing felony. Finally, implications and limits of the study are discussed.
The purpose of this study tested the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Parenting Stress Index Short Form(PSI-SF). Parenting stress is considered one of the biggest stresses women face. Following the recommended 3-step translation process, K-PSI was administered to the parents of 326 typically developing children from 1 to 12 years of age. The reliability was tested via internal consistency and test-retest reliability(N=35). Its construct validity was examined by administering the K-CBCL (N=274) and the BDI (N=191) and discriminant validity through K-PSI-SF administration to the parents of children with developmental disabilities(N=67). Results of confirmatory factor analysis yielded acceptable fit indexes, which suggested that the similar factor structures exist in both K-PSI-SF and PSI-SF. Overall, results showed a high internal consistency(.76 to .91), test-retest reliability(.69-.77), construct(.49-.87) and discriminant validity, suggesting valid psychometric properties of the K-PSI-SF. Implications of using the K-PSI-SF both as a clinical tool and a research instrument are discussed.
The purpose of this study rested the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Parenting Stress Index Short Form(PSl-SF). Parenting stress is considered one of the biggest stresses women face. Following the recommended 3-step translation process, K-PSI was administered to the parents of 326 typically developing children from 1 to 12 years of age. The reliability was tested via internal consistency and test-retest reliability(N=35). Its construct validity was examined by administering the K-CBCL (N=274) and the BDI (N=191) and discriminant validity through K-PSI-SF administration to the parents of children with developmental disabilities(N=67). Results of confirmatory factor analysis yielded acceptable fit indexes, which suggested that the similar factor structures exist in both K-PSI-SF and PSI-SF. Overall, results showed a high internal consistency(.76 to .91)，test-retest reliability(.69-.77), construct(.49-.87) and discriminant validity, suggesting valid psychometric properties of the K-PSI-SF. Implications of using the K-PSI-SF both as a clinical tool and a research instrument are discussed.
Hwa-Byung(HB)has been known as a form of psychogenic illness among lay people in Korea and recently been listed as a culture-bound syndrome of Korea in DSM-IV. HB patients have various psychological and somatic symptoms such as chest discomfort, a sensation of heat, and the sensation of having an epigastric mass. In the current study, we examined psychological characteristics of HB patients. Participants were 38 outpatients visiting the depression clinic and the Hwa-Byung clinic and 20 normal adults. The structured interviews(SCID-I, HBDIS) were first administered to determine the diagnosis of participants and MMPI-2 was administered. The results showed that the specific code type was not found but HB patients showed elevated scores on the 2(D), 7(Pt) scales over 65T score. And other clinical scales like 3(Hy), 8(Sc), 4(Pd), 6(Pa) were elevated over 60T score. It indicated that HB is complex syndrome with wide variety of psychological disturbances other than Major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Limitations of present study and clinical implications were discussed.