바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

The Mediating Effects of Deliberate Rumination and Positive Reframing between Gratitude Disposition and Posttraumatic Growth: Study of Middle-aged Adults with a Relational Loss

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the relations among gratitude disposition, deliberate rumination, positive reframing and posttraumatic growth following a relational loss among middle-aged adults. The data consisted of the survey results of 335 adults between 40 and 60. The results of structuring equation modeling(SEM) analysis indicated that deliberate rumination or positive reframing mediated the relation between gratitude disposition and posttraumatic growth. The dual-mediating effect of deliberate rumination and positive reframing was also significant for the relationship between gratitude disposition and posttraumatic growth. Based on these findings, we discuss effective intervention strategies for middle-aged adults who have experienced a relational loss.

keywords
Submission Date
2016-01-13
Revised Date
2016-02-20
Accepted Date
2016-02-29

Reference

1.

권선중, 김교현, 이홍석 (2006). 한국판 감사성향 척도(K-GQ-6)의 신뢰도 및 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(1), 177-190.

2.

김소희 (2004). 스트레스 사건, 인지적 정서조절전략과 심리적 안녕감간의 관계. 가톨릭대학교 석사학위논문.

3.

김에스더 (2015). 감사성향이 외상후 성장에 미치는 영향: 사회적 지지와 자아탄력성의매개효과. 성신여자대학교 석사학위 청구논문.

4.

김유리, 이희경 (2012). 감사성향이 안녕감과우울에 미치는 영향: 인지적 정서조절 전략을 매개로. 학생생활연구, 25, 19-35.

5.

김진수, 서수균 (2011). 친밀한 관계경험과 성장적 반추가 외상후 성장에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 30(3), 793-809.

6.

노미경 (2012). 이차적 분노사고와 감사성향 및인지적 정서조절 전략의 관계. 부산대학교석사학위 청구논문.

7.

류위자 (2012). 긍정심리 집단상담 프로그램이 중년기 여교사의 우울, 행복 및 감사성향에 미치는 효과. 경성대학교 석사학위 청구논문.

8.

송승훈, 이홍석, 박준호, 김교현 (2009). 한국판외상후 성장 척도의 타당도 및 신뢰도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 14(1), 193-214.

9.

신선영, 정남운 (2012). 삶의 의미와 사회적 지지가 외상후 성장에 미치는 영향: 성장적반추를 매개 변인으로. 인간이해, 33(2), 217-235.

10.

안현의, 이나빈, 주혜선 (2013). 한국판 인지적정서조절전략 척도(K-CERQ)의 타당화. 상담학연구, 14(3), 1773-1794.

11.

안현의, 주혜선, 민지원, 심기선 (2013). 한국판사건관련 반추 척도 (K-ERRI) 의 타당화. 인지행동치료, 13(1), 149-172.

12.

유현진, 김영혜 (2013). 외상고통과 외상후 성장의 관계에서 인지적 정서조절전략의 매개효과. 발달지원연구, 2(1), 61-75.

13.

이옥희 (2015). 역경후 성장과 적응 모형 검증:중년기 성인을 중심으로. 인천대학교 박사학위 청구논문.

14.

임경희 (2009). 감사 연구의 최근 동향 및 과제. 상담평가연구, 2(2), 47-60.

15.

임선영 (2013). 역경후 성장에 이르는 의미재구성과정: 관계 상실을 중심으로. 서울대학교박사학위 청구논문.

16.

임선영, 권석만 (2012). 대학생의 관계 상실을통한 성장에 관한 연구: 인지적 유연성과인지적 정서조절 방략을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 31(2), 261-281.

17.

주혜선, 안현의 (2008). 측정 및 연구방법론:외상후 위기 체크리스트: 개발 및 타당화연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 27(1), 235-257.

18.

행정자치부 (2014). 주민등록 인구통계. 2015년8월 20일 검색. http://rcps.egov.go.kr/

19.

Abraído‐Lanza, A. F., Guier, C., & Colón, R. M. (1998). Psychological thriving among Latinas with chronic illness. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 405-424.

20.

Adler, M. G., & Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 73, 79-114.

21.

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.

22.

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.

23.

Bower, J. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998). Cognitive processing, discovery of meaning, CD4 decline, and AIDS-related mortality among bereaved HIVseropositive men. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 66(6), 979-986.

24.

Brown, W. J., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long(Eds.), Testing structural equation models(pp.136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

25.

Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(3), 521-527.

26.

Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp.3-23). Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum.

27.

Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Triplett, K. N., Vishnevsky, T., & Lindstrom, C. M. (2011). Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The event related rumination inventory. Anxiety, Stress &Coping, 24(2), 137-156.

28.

Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267.

29.

Cattell, R. B., & Burdsal Jr, C. A. (1975). The radial parcel double factoring design: A solution to the item-vs-parcel controversy. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 10(2), 165-179.

30.

Davis, C. G., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Loss and meaning: How do people make sense of loss? American Behavioral Scientist, 44(5), 726-741.

31.

Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting Blessings Verse Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.

32.

Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. (1998). Psychological benefits and liabilities of traumatic exposure in the war zone. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(3), 485-503.

33.

Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions braden the scope of attention and through-action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 313-332.

34.

Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349.

35.

Gamino, L. A., Sewell, K. W., & Easterling, L. W. (2000). Scott and White Grief Study—Phase 2: Toward an adaptive model of grief. Death Studies, 24(7), 633-660.

36.

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311-1327.

37.

Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1992). Multivariate Data Analysis (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

38.

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1-55.

39.

Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions:Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York:The Free Press.

40.

Johnson, K. J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2005). “We All Look the Same to Me” Positive Emotions Eliminate the Own-Race Bias in Face Recognition. Psychological Science, 16(11), 875-881.

41.

Kashdan, T. B., & Kane, J. Q. (2011). Posttraumatic distress and the presence of posttraumatic growth and meaning in life:Experiential avoidance as a moderator. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 84-89.

42.

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling(2nd Ed.). New York:Guilford Press.

43.

Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Stillman, T. F. (2011). Gratitude and depressive symptoms:The role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cognition & emotion, 26(4), 615-633.

44.

Lambert, N. M., Graham, S. M., Fincham, F. D., & Stillman, T. F. (2009). A changed perspective: How gratitude can affect sense of coherence through positive reframing. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 461-470.

45.

Levinson, D. J., Darrow, C. N., Klien, E. B., Levinson, M. L., & McKee, B. (1978). The seasons of a men’s life. New York: Knopf.

46.

Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11-21.

47.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.

48.

Mattlin, J. A., Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1990). Situational determinants of coping and coping effectiveness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 103-122.

49.

McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Paten, A. H., & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad:Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychological adaption in midlife adults and in students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 474-485.

50.

McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82(1), 112-127.

51.

McMillen, C., Howard, M. O., Nower, L., & Chung, S. (2001). Positive by-products of the struggle with chemical dependency. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20(1), 69-79.

52.

Morris, B. A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Rieck, M., & Newbery, J. (2005). Multidimensional nature of posttraumatic growth in an Australian population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 575-585.

53.

Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stressrelated growth. Journal of personality, 64, 71-106.

54.

Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1, 115-144.

55.

Sofka, C. J. (1997). Loss History Checklist. In J. D. Maanino (Ed), Grieving days, healing days, (p.20). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

56.

Taku, K., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008). The role of rumination in the coexistence of distress and posttraumatic growth among bereaved Japanese university students. Death Studies, 32(5), 428-444.

57.

Taku, K., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2009). Intrusive versus deliberate rumination in posttraumatic growth across US and Japanese samples. Anxiety, Stress, &Coping, 22, 129-136.

58.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundation and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 93-102

59.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455-471.

60.

Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering: Sage Publication, Inc.

61.

Thoits, P. A. (1995). Identity-relevant events and psychological symptoms: A cautionary tale. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 72-82.

62.

Thompson, S. C., Nanni, C., & Levine, A. (1994). Primary versus secondary and central versus consequence-related control in HIV-positive men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 540-547.

63.

Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness:Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31(5), 431-451.

64.

Whitbourne, S. K. (2001). The physical aging process in midlife: Interactions with psychological and sociocultural factors. Handbook of Midlife Development, 109-155.

65.

Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8(2), 281.

66.

Wu, X., Zhou, X., Liu, L., & Chen, J. (2014). The Effect of Gratitude among the Adolescents of the Wenchuan Earthquake on Their Post-traumatic Growth: The Mediating Role of Social Support and Deliberate Rumination. Journal of Psychological Science, 37(5), 1148-1153.

67.

Zhou, X., & Wu, X. (2015). Longitudinal relationships between gratitude, deliberate rumination, and posttraumatic growth in adolescents following the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.

logo