ISSN : 1229-0718
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of security priming and fear of negative evaluation on the process of social rejection leading to the desire to reconnect. A sample of 90 female university students aged 18 to 25 years participated in the experiment. The analysis used a 2 (security priming writing/control) × 2 (fear of negative evaluation: high/low) ANOVA test. Before the experiment, the subjects were tested by an online survey that categorized them as the low or high fear of negative evaluation. The social rejection procedure and security priming writing task were used to manipulate social rejection and felt-security, respectively. The desire to reconnect was measured by a scored task in which the subjects selected their extents of preference for future collaborative tasks. The results found a significant main effect of security priming writing and a significant interaction effect between security priming and the extent of fear of negative evaluation on the desire to reconnect. Based on these results, the paper discusses the effectiveness of security priming for establishing new social ties after social rejection.
김현주, 김준영 (2008). 청소년의 사회적 거절수준과 사회적 관계망과의 관계. 미래청소년학회지, 5, 1-27.
이강아, 홍혜영 (2013). 대학생의 공적 자의식과 사회불안의 관계에서 부정적 평가에 대한 두려움과 긍정적 평가에 대한 두려움의 매개효과. 상담학연구, 14(4), 2271-2290.
이정윤, 최정훈 (1997). 한국판 사회공포증 척도 (K-SAD, K-FNE) 의 신뢰도 및 타당도연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(2), 251-264.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
Bartz, J. A., & Lydon, J. E. (2004). Close relationships and the working self-concept:Implicit and explicit effects of priming attachment on agency and communion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(11), 1389-1401.
Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 589.
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., Brown, C. M., Sacco, D. F., & Claypool, H. M. (2008). Adaptive responses to social exclusion: Social rejection improves detection of real and fake smiles. Psychological Science, 19(10), 981-983.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routlege.
Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Phillips, C. M. (2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 17.
Bushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., Pedersen, W. C., Vasquez, E. A., & Miller, N. (2005). Chewing on it can chew you up: effects of rumination on triggered displaced aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 969-983.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2005). People thinking about people: The vicious cycle of being a social outcast in one’s own mind. The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 91-108). New York:Psychology Press.
Cassidy, J., Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., & Lavy, S. (2009). Experimentally induced security influences responses to psychological pain. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(4), 463-478.
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(2), 330.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2000). A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1053.
DeWall, C. N., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). Social acceptance and rejection: The sweet and the bitter. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 256-260.
DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Gitter, S. A., &Baumeister, R. F. (2009). It's the thought that counts: The role of hostile cognition in shaping aggressive responses to social exclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 45.
Duke, D., Krishnan, M., Faith, M., & Storch, E. A. (2006). The psychometric properties of the brief fear of negative evaluation scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(6), 807-817.
Gaertner, L., Iuzzini, J., & O’Mara, E. M. (2008). When rejection by one fosters aggression against many: Multiple-victim aggression as a consequence of social rejection and perceived groupness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 958-970.
Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory:How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 486-496.
Gillath, O., Selcuk, E., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Moving toward a secure attachment style: Can repeated security priming help?. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(4), 1651-1666.
Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Effects of attachment style and relationship context on selection among relational strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 968-976.
Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., Schneier, F. R. (Ed.). (1995). Social phobia:Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hermann, A. D., Skulborstad, H. M., & Wirth, J. H. (2014). Inoculating against the aversive effects of ostracism with acceptance: The role of attachment styles. Social Influence, 9(4), 255-271.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
Jamieson, J. P., Harkins, S. G., & Williams, K. D. (2010). Need threat can motivate performance after ostracism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(5), 690-702.
Karremans, J. C., Heslenfeld, D. J., van Dillen, L. F., & Van Lange, P. A. (2011). Secure attachment partners attenuate neural responses to social exclusion: An fMRI investigation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81(1), 44-50.
Kennedy, J. J., & Bush, A. J. (1985). An introduction to the design and the analysis of experiments in behavioral research. Lanham, MD:University Press of America.
Knowles, M. L. (2014). Social rejection increases perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 126-132.
Kumashiro, M., & Sedikides, C. (2005). Taking on board liability-focused information: Close positive relationships as a self-bolstering resource. Psychological Science, 16(9), 732-739.
Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2010). Developmental cascades of peer rejection, social information processing biases, and aggression during middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 593-602.
Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371-375.
Leary, M. R., Herbst, K. C., & McCrary, F. (2003). Finding pleasure in solitary activities:Desire for aloneness or disinterest in social contact?. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(1), 59-68.
Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 111-132.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (2000). Understanding social connectedness in college women and men. Journal of Counseling &Development, 78(4), 484-491.
Lucas, G. M., Knowles, M. L., Gardner, W. L., Molden, D. C., & Jefferis, V. E. (2010). Increasing social engagement among lonely individuals: The role of acceptance cues and promotion motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(10), 1346-1359.
Luke, M. A., Sedikides, C., & Carnelley, K. (2012). Your love lifts me higher! The energizing quality of secure relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(6), 721-733.
Mallott, M. A., Maner, J. K., DeWall, N., &Schmidt, N. B. (2009). Compensatory deficits following rejection: The role of social anxiety in disrupting affiliative behavior. Depression and Anxiety, 26(5), 438-446.
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem.”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 42.
Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y., &Cummins, R. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(3), 213.
Mikulincer, M., Hirschberger, G., Nachmias, O., &Gillath, O. (2001). The affective component of the secure base schema: Affective priming with representations of attachment security. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 305.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2001). Attachment theory and intergroup bias:Evidence that priming the secure base schema attenuates negative reactions to out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 97.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P.R. (2004). Security-based self representations in adulthood:Contents and processes. In N.S. Rholes, & J.A. Simpson (Eds), Adult attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications. (pp. 159-195). New York: Guilford.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2005). Attachment security, compassion, and altruism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(1), 34-38.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and inter-group tolerance. Psychological Inquiry, 18(3), 139-156.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Bar-On, N., &Sahdra, B. K. (2014). Security enhancement, self-esteem threat, and mental depletion affect provision of a safe haven and secure base to a romantic partner. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(5), 630-650.
Molden, D. C., Lee, A. Y., & Higgins, E. T. (2008). Motivations for promotion and prevention. In J. Shah & W. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science. New York:Guilford Press
Molden, D. C., & Maner, J. K. (2013). How and when exclusion motivates social reconnection. In C. N. DeWall (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social exclusion (pp. 121-131). New York:Oxford University Press.
Pharo, H., Gross, J., Richardson, R., & Hayne, H. (2011). Age-related changes in the effect of ostracism. Social Influence, 6(1), 22-38.
Rowe, A., & Carnelley, K. B. (2003). Attachment style differences in the processing of attachment -relevant information: Primed-style effects on recall, interpersonal expectations, and affect. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 59-75.
Rowe, A. C., Shepstone, L., Carnelley, K. B., Cavanagh, K., & Millings, A. (2016). Attachment security and self-compassion priming increase the likelihood that first-time engagers in mindfulness meditation will continue with mindfulness training. Mindfulness, 7(3), 642-650.
Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. (2008). Research methodsfor social work. Belmont, CA: ThomsonHigher Education.
Sullivan, T. N., Farrell, A. D., & Kliewer, W. (2006). Peer victimization in early adolescence:Association between physical and relational victimization and drug use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors among urban middle school students. Development and Psychopathology, 18(1), 119-137.
Tanaka, H., & Ikegami, T. (2015). Fear of negative evaluation moderates effects of social exclusion on selective attention to social signs. Cognition and Emotion, 29(7), 1306-1313.
Tsumura, K., & Murata, K. (2015). Effects of social anxiety and group membership of potential affiliates on social reconnection after ostracism. Current Research in Social Psychology, 23(3), 18-25.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., &Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can't join them, beat them: effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1058.
Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Social exclusion and the deconstructed state: Time perception, meaninglessness, lethargy, lack of emotion, and self-awareness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 409.
Twenge, J. M., Zhang, L., Catanese, K. R., Dolan ‐Pascoe, B., Lyche, L. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Replenishing connectedness:Reminders of social activity reduce aggression after social exclusion. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46(1), 205-224
Van Ryzin, M. J., Gravely, A. A., & Roseth, C. J. (2009). Autonomy, belongingness, and engagement in school as contributors to adolescent psychological well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(1), 1-12.
Warburton, W. A., & Williams, K. D. (2005). When competing motivations collide. Social motivation: Conscious and Unconscious Processes, 294-313.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448.