open access
메뉴ISSN : 1229-0718
This study examined whether the relationship between self‐determination loneliness motivation and psychological well‐being in adulthood is mediated by ruminating‐reflective thinking and meaning of life. For this purpose, on the subjects of 438 adults aged 20 to 60 years in Seoul and Gyeonggi‐do, a survey was conducted for self‐determination loneliness motivation, ruminating‐reflective thinking, satisfaction of life, and psychological well‐being. In the results of the structural equation model analysis, first, in the relationship between self‐determination loneliness motivation and psychological well‐being, there was a mediating effect in ruminating thinking and meaning of life, respectively. Second, the dual mediating effect of self‐determination loneliness motivation on psychological well‐being after going sequentially through ruminating thinking and meaning of life was found to be significant. Third, the dual mediating effect of self‐determination loneliness motivation on psychological well‐being sequentially through reflective thinking and meaning of life was also found to be significant. Based on these research results, this study discussed the issues that require considerations to improve psychological well‐being in adults with self‐determination loneliness motivation, and the importance of differentiated counseling interventions considering the characteristics of ruminating thinking and reflective thinking, which affect the meaning of life and psychological well‐being.
김명소, 김혜원, 차경호 (2001). 심리적 안녕감의 구성개념분석. 한국심리학회지: 사회성격, 15(2), 19-39.
김미정, 현명호 (2011). 내부초점적 처리과정이 우울, 기분, 역기능적 신념, 탈중심화에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 16(2), 347-361.
김상희, 박성현 (2017). 연령대별 삶의 의미와 안녕감의 관계: 10대, 20대, 40대 간 의미추구, 의미발견이 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 31(1), 61-78.
김청아 (2019). 자기결정적 고독 동기와 외로움의 관계: 마음챙김의 조절효과. 한양대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
김 환 (2010). 자기초점의 역기능적 속성이 반추와 우울에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
문희운, 양난미 (2019). 성인애착, 자기결정적 고독 동기, 외로움의 수준에 따른 집단분류와 우울, 스트레스 대처방식, 삶의 만족도의 집단간 차이. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 31(1), 129-154.
맹일환, 이정미 (2015). 직장인의 낙관성이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향에 있어서 삶의 의미의 매개효과. 현실치료연구, 4(2), 69-82.
박성륜 (2013). 우울에 대한 자기초점주의의 억제 효과 검증. 고려대학교 대학원 석사 학위논문.
박지남 (2011). ‘나 홀로 여가족’: 개성추구의 즐거움인가, 공동체의 변화인가. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
원두리, 김교헌, 권선중 (2005). 한국판 삶의 의미척도의 타당화 연구: 대학생을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 10(2), 211-225.
이소연, 신민섭, 김은정 (2010). 반추적, 반성적, 경험적 자기초점화가 우울기분에 미치는 영향. 인지행동치료, 10(1), 75-95.
이운영 (2014). 성인기 고독과 관련변인들과의 관계. 한양대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
이유정 (2012). 고독 선호도, 자기결정적 고독 동기와 긍정정서의 관계: 발달단계에 따른 차이. 건국대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
이종은 (2016). 반추적 사고 척도들의 비교분석. 반추적 반응척도(RRS)와 반추-반영척도(RRQ)를 중심으로. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
임아영 (2010). 자기결정적 고독과 성격 및 심리적 건강의 관계. 서울대학교 대학원 석사논문.
임아영, 이준득, 이훈진 (2012). 자기결정적 고독과 성격 및 심리적 건강의 관계. 한국심리학회지, 31(4), 993-1021.
장혜지, 한유진 (2020). 대학생의 자기결정적 고독 동기가 대인관계능력에 미치는 영향: 자아존중감과 심리적 안녕감의 이중매개효과. 한국 생활과학회지, 29(2), 137-150.
정태호 (2013). 중등교사의 여가스포츠 참가가 스포츠 몰입 및 심리적 웰빙에 미치는 영향. 경기대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
최상진, 김지영, 김기범 (1999). 미운정 고운정의 심리적 구조, 표현행위 및 기능 분석. 한국심리학회 연차학술대회.
최현영 (2014). ‘홀로있음’에서 고독과 외로움간의 차이탐색. 건국대학교 박사학위 논문.
최현영, 이동혁 (2016). ‘홀로있음’에서 고독과 외로움간의 차이탐색. 청소년학연구, 23(12), 77-102.
한덕웅, 박준호 (2003). 스트레스 사건에 관한 반복 생각과 분노경험이 주관적 안녕과 건강지각에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 8(1), 147-168.
허지연, 손은정 (2009). 청년기와 중년기 집단에서의 삶의 의미와 심리적 안녕감 간의 관계. 사회과학농촌, 28(2), 105-128.
홍세희 (2000). 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정 기준과 그 근거. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19(1), 161-177.
Abbott, M. J., & Rupee, R. M. (2004) Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia be for and after treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 136-144.
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(10), 974-983.
American Association of Retired People(AARP) (2010). Loneliness among older adults: A National survey of adults 45+. Washington, DC: AARP.
Anderson, C. A., & Arnoult, L. H. (1985). Attributional models of depression, loneliness, and shyness. In J. H. Harvey, & G. Weary (Eds.), Attribution: Basic issues and applications (pp. 235-279). New York: Academic Press.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Anderson, S. M., & Limpert, C. (2001). Future-event schemas: Automaticity and rumination in major depression. Cognitive Research and Therapy, 25(3), 311-333.
Bauer, J. J., McAdams, D. P., & Sakaeda, A. R. (2005). Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people. Journal or Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 203-217.
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2002). The pursuit of meaningfulness in life. In C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 608-618). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bianchi, R., & Schonfeld, I. S. (2016). Burnout is associated with a depressive cognitive style. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 1-5.
Blatt, S., J. & Levy, K., N. (2003). Attachment theory, psychoanalysis, personality development, and psychopathology. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 23(1), 102-150.
Boyd, E. M., & Fales, A. W. (1983). Reflective learning: Key to learning from experience. Journal of Human Psychology, 23(2), 99-117.
Breitborde, N. J., Kleinlein, P., & Srihari, V. H. (2012). Self-determination and first-episode psychosis: Associations with symptomatology, social and vocational functioning, and quality of life. Schizophrenia Research, 137(1-3), 132-136.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Buchholz, E. S. (1997). The call of solitude: Alonetime in a world of attachment. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Burton-Christie, D. (2006). The work of loneliness: Solitude, emptiness, and compassion. Anglican Theological Review, 88(1), 25-45.
Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36 (1), 56-65.
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140-151.
Cattell, R. B., & Burdsal Jr, C. A. (1975). The radial parcel double factoring design: A solution to the item-vs-parcel controversy. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 10(2), 165-179.
Dalrymple, T. (2010). The advantages of solitude. British Medical Journal, 341 (7780).
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagne´, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former Eastern bloc country. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 930-942.
Eysenck, H, J. (1967). The Biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Feldman, C. (2003). Silence: How to find inner peace in a busy world. Berkeley, CA: Rodmell Press.
Folkman, S., Chesney, M. A., Collette, L., Boccellari, A., & Cooke, M. (1996). Post-bereavement depressive mood and its pre-bereavement predictors in HIV+ and HIV- gay men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 336-348.
Foucault, M. (2007). 주체의 해석학. 서울: 동문선.
Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1992). Multivariate Data Analysis, New York: Macmillan.
Hayes, S. C., Stroshal, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 156-176.
Knafo, D. (2012). Alone together: Solitude and the creative encounter in art and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 22(1), 1048-1885.
Košir, K., Tement, S., Licardo, M., & Habe, K. (2015). Two sides of the same coin? The role of rumination and reflection in elementary school teachers' classroom stress and burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 47, 131-141.
Larson, R. W. (1990). The solitary side of life: An examination of the time people spend alone from childhood to old age. Development Review. 10(2), 155-183.
Larson, R. W. (1999). The uses of loneliness in adolescence. In K. J. Rotenberg & S. Hymel (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence (pp. 244-262). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lauder, W., Sharkey, S., & Mummery, K. (2004). A community survey of loneliness. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(1), 88-94.
Long, C. R., & Averill, J. R. (2003). Solitude: An exploration of benefits of being alone. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(1), 21-44.
Marcoen, A., & Goossens, L. (1993). Loneliness, attitude towards loneliness and solitude: Age differences and developmental significance during adolescence. In S. Jackson & H. Rondriguez-Tomé (Eds.), Adolescence and its social worlds (pp. 197-227). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1990). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Springer publishing company.
Merton, T. (2003). New seeds of contemplation . Boston, MA: Shambhala.
Mijuskovic, B. L. (1979). Loneliness in philosophy, psychology and literature. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
Morin, A. (2002). Do you “self-reflect” or “self-ruminate”?. Retrieved from http://psychpomona.edu/scr/LN_Dec02_Self Ruminatehtm.
Nguyen, T. V. T., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2018). Solitude as an approach to affective self-regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(1), 92-106.
Nicol, C. C. (2005). Self-determined motivation for solitude and relationship: Scale development and validation. Unpublished master's thesis. University of Southern Illinois.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Stream of consciousness and stress: Levels of thinking. In J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 327-350). New York: Guilford Press.
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1984). Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings. In L. A. Peplau & S. E. Goldsto (Eds.), Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness (pp. 13-46). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
Philippe, F. L., & Vallerand, R. J. (2008). Actual environments do affect motivation and psychological adjustment: A test of self-determination theory in a natural setting. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 81-89.
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 419-435.
Rokach, A., Orject, T., Cripps, J., Lackovic-Grgin, K., & Penezic, Z. (2001). The effects of culture on the Meaning of loneliness. Social Indicators Research, 53, 17-31.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Exploration the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality & Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1-28.
Shek, D. T. (1993). The Chinese Purposein-Life Test and psychological well-being in Chinese college students. International Forum for Logotherapy, 16(1), 35-42.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2004). The development and validation of the meaning in life questionnaire. Unpublished Manuscript. University of Minnesota.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P. F., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93.
Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2006). The search for meaning in life: Basis in personality and cognitive style, and implications for psycho social functioning. Manuscript under review.
Storr, A. (1988). Soitude: A return to the self. New York: Free Press.
Takano, K., & Tanno, Y. (2009). Self-rumination, self-reflection, and depression: Self-rumination counteracts the adaptive effect of self-reflection. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(3), 260-264.
Taylor, D. A., Gould, R. J., & Brounstein, P. J. (1981). Effects of personalistic self-disclosure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7(3), 487-492.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. S., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 25-39.
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S. & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 275-287.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). “Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundation and empirical evidence”. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304.
Waskowic, T., & Cramer, K. (1999). Relation between preference for solitude scale and social functioning. Psychological Reports, 85(3), 1045-1050.
Watkins, E., & Moulds, M. L. (2007). Reduced concreteness of rumination in depression: A pilot study. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1386-1395.
Watkins, E. R. (2016). Why a treatment targeting rumination? In E. R. Watkins (Ed.), Rumination-focused cognitivebehavioral therapy for depression (pp. 3-20). New York: Guiford Press.
West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56-75). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Wong, P. T. P.(1988b). Meaning-Counseling. In P. T. P. Wong & P. S. Fry (Eds), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 395-435). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Yang, K., & Victor, C. R. (2011). Age and loneliness in 25 European nations. Ageing and Society, 31(8), 1-21.