본 연구는 중·장년층 실직자를 대상으로 실직으로 인한 반응에서 남녀간의 차이가 있는지 그리고 선호하는 구직활동에서 차이가 있는지를 알아보았다. 이를 위해 온라인 조사를 실시하였으며, 실직기간이 2개월 미만인 실직자 1539명의 자료를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 여성 실직자들이 남성 실직자에 비해 실직으로 인한 부정적 반응을 더 많이 나타냈다. 또한 고용몰입에서 성차가 유의하지 않았음에도 여성 실직자들은 남성들에 비해 재취업 제한요건을 더 많이 지각하는 것으로 나타났다. 연령과 성별을 고려한 변량분석에서 30대 후반과 40대 이후 연령이 30대 초의 실직자들보다 부정적 반응을 더 많이 나타냈다. 결혼유무와 성별을 고려한 분석한 결과, 기혼 실직자들은 미혼 실직자들에 비해 우울, 정신건강에서 실직으로 인한 부정적 영향을 더 적게 받았다. 전반적 구직탐색활동 정도를 나타내는 구직강도에서는 남녀 차이가 발견되지 않았으나, 이를 공식적, 비공식 구직활동으로 구분해서 볼 때, 여성 실직자들은 사회적 관계망을 통한 비공식 구직활동이 남성보다 적었고, 주로 공식적 구직활동에 치중하는 경향이 있었다. 또한 30대 후반 연령대가 30대 초반에 비해 그리고 기혼자들이 미혼자들에 비해 공식적, 비공식적 구직활동에서 모두 더 높았다. 한편 실직의 반응에 영향을 미치는 선행요인들을 검토한 결과, 남녀 모두 역기능적 대처와 순기능적 대처가 중요한 예언변인이었으나 남성에게는 자존감이, 여성에게는 취업 제한요건이 실직반응을 더 잘 예측하였다. 또한 남녀 모두 순기능적 대처양식이 구직강도를 가장 잘 예언하는 변인이었지만, 남성의 경우 고용몰입, 구직 효능감 순으로 그리고 여성의 경우 구직 효능감, 고용몰입의 순으로 구직강도를 잘 예언하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 이와 관련해서 논의하였다.
This study examined differences in responses to job loss and job search intensity, based on gender, marital status, age. Among people who unemployed for less than 2 months, 1539 unemployed individuals(1139 man and 400 woman) were responded the on-line survey. The results showed significant gender differences on several aspects. Over all, unemployed women were reported more decline in the psychological and physical well-being as an outcome of unemployment than man ones. Unemployed women showed less informal job-searching activities than unemployed man. There were no significant differences, however, between women and man in the job-searching intensity and formal job-searching activities. In addition, Despite of a not significant difference between man and women in the employment commitment, the unemployed women experienced more the barriers to reemployment and lower self efficacy of job seeking and lower social capital than man ones. Regarding the impact of age and gender in the responses to unemployment and the job searching activities, the results indicated that gender and age had significant, but did not interact. In the job-searching activities, there was little significant interaction between gender and age, or between gender and marital status. Finally, meanings of these results and suggestions for further research were discussed.
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