The result of this study can be summarized as follows. Students in Korea have a higher level in knowledge and attitude about sex then students in U.S. while they are lower in sexual behavior. In the light of the knowledge of sex organs, both Korean and American students have a positive correlation with sexual consciousness, sexual urges and contraception. About the sexual health, Korean students show that they have a positive correlation with contraception. American students show a positive correlation with homosexuality, sexual urges and contraception, but they show a negative correlation with virginity. In the relation between sexual knowledge, sexual attitude and sexual behavior, Korean students are positive correlation between sexual knowledge and sexual attitude, but they don't show any meaningful correlation between sexual knowledge and sexual behavior. On the other hand, American students show a positive correlation between sexual knowledge, sexual attitude and sexual behavior. As a result, The higher the level of sexual knowledge is, the more homosexuality and masturbation are and the lower the virginity is.
Nation-wide samples of 1318 were surveyed to measure differential self-esteems by demographic categories. Self-esteem questionnaires and psychological-wellbeing items were filled out in surveys to identify different self-esteems by gender groups, education levels, economic levels, and age groups. Korean males have higher self-esteems than females in terms of overall level composed by 11 factors. More educated persons have higher than less educated ones, more haves showed higher than less haves in self-esteem measures. But there were no significant differences between age groups. And there were different factors or dimensions of self-esteems were concerned by demographic variables. Also there were different patterns of self-esteem factors (in different numbers and contents), which explaining more than 60% of psychological wellbeing were evidenced between both genders. More stereotypic factors were endorsed by males compared to females. Plausible other explanations of unexpected results were discussed and follow-up researches were suggested.
A preliminary study was conducted by multilevel approach on how social norms for women has developed and to investigate some characteristics of social norms for women in Korean society. The assumption of this study was that ecohistorical factors might influence on social situation, and then the social situation might interact with self-concept, desire, and motive, which could guide individual to behave in a certain way. A total of 130 female university students was participated in this study. An open format was administrated. The respondents were asked to describe their social representations of what kinds of social norms for women were, social evaluations for transgression of social norms for women, and psychological response of social evaluations. The results revealed that when women violated social norms, they experienced negative social evaluations, and felt shame and psychological anxiety even though social evaluation of the transgressions of social norms was likely to be benevolent to men. Consequently, most women were more likely to behave according to social norms as well as they will be likely to inhibit norm transgressive behavior themselves.
This study based on Gottfredson's(1981) postulation which concludes that individuals were most likely to compromise either the sex type or the prestige of occupations or one's preference for a certain field of work when they should choose their occupations based on their realistic limitations. We investigated the difference in gender and birth order preference regarding the compromise in career decision making of high school students in liberal arts field. Participants were questioned about their interests, sex types of occupation, and social prestige which enabled to measure the compromise process. In order to measure the compromise process, this study used questionaire developed by Lee Ki-Hak. As a result, participants preferred interests, social prestige, and sex type of occupation respectively, and there was a significant difference in gender. When male students had a preferred in social prestige, interests, and sex type of occupation in order, female students had a preferred sex type of occupation, interests, and social prestige respectively. Also first born students had a preferred interests, social prestige, and sex type of occupation. Second born students had a preferred sex type of occupation, social prestige, and interest. The only child had not special preference in a certain choice. In conclusion, this results imply there was a gender difference and birth order effects on final considering factor of making a career decision.
This study was conducted to explore implicit representations of 'individual' and 'relation' in Korean college students. The study was based on measuring 130 students by RISC (Relational Interdependent Self-Construal) and 4 sorts of IATs(Implicit Association Test). The results were summed up as follows: 'relation' was related to either 'active' or/and 'masculine' traits; Men with high RISC score rapidly associated 'relation' with 'positive' traits whereas women with high RISC score difficultly associated them; Men with low RISC score connected 'individual' with 'strong' and other groups connected 'relation' with 'strong'; All groups associated 'relation' with 'active' and women with low RISC most rapidly associated these; Men with high RISC connected 'relation' with 'feminine' but other groups connected it with 'masculine'. These results point toward a conclusion that Korean societies expect some forms of human relationship but differently from men and women.
This study was conducted to explore implicit representations of 'individual' and 'relation' in Korean college students. The study was based on measuring 130 students by Rise (Relational Interdependent Self-Construal) and 4 sorts of IATs(Implicit Association Test). The results were summed up as follows: 'relation' was related to either 'active' or/and 'masculine' traits; Men with high RISC score rapidly associated 'relation' with 'positive' traits whereas women with high RISC score difficultly associated them; Men with low Rise score connected 'individual' with 'strong' and other groups connected 'relation' with 'strong'; All groups associated 'relation' with 'active' and women with low RISC most rapidly associated these; Men with high RISC connected 'relation' with 'feminine' but other groups connected it with 'masculine'. These results point toward a conclusion that Korean societies expect some forms of human relationship but differently from men and women.
The purpose of this study is to examine the differences between employed and unemployed mothers in parenting guilt and parenting behavior. A total of two hundred sixty-two (N=262) mothers who had children from 2 to 7 years old participated in this study. The measurement instruments are the questionnaire. The results are as follows; there were reliable differences between employed and unemployed mothers in the reason, kind and degree of their parenting guilt and parenting behavior. That is, employed mothers felt parenting guilt more for “not being able to with the child when their children need mother and when their children are sick” and employed mothers treated their child more controlling and more softly than unemployed mothers. Generally, there were low correlations between parenting guilt and parenting behaviors in groups.
The purpose of this study is to examine the differences between employed and unemployed mothers in parenting guilt and parenting behavior. A total of two hundred sixty-two (N=262) mothers who had children from 2 to 7 years old participated in this study. The measurement instruments are the questionnaire. The results are as follows; there were reliable differences between employed and unemployed mothers in the reason, kind and degree of their parenting guilt and parenting behavior. That is, employed mothers felt parenting guilt more for "not being able to with the child when their children need mother and when their children are sick" and employed mothers treated their child more controlling and more softly than unemployed mothers. Generally, there were low correlations between parenting guilt and parenting behaviors in groups.