The purpose of this study is to reflect on nature of men and women, especially on women's sexuality and relationships between opposit sex from the Lacanian viewpoints. In this framework, women and men aren't divided into natural and psycho-physiological categories but sociocultural ones. Father who symbols sociocultural laws, which impose prohibitions over the human beings, and mother who does unconditional primitive love, are agencies of socialization. Through socialization, human's nature such as sexuality is repressed and human beings acquire the symbolic systems such as language and social rules, so that animal-like beings are transformed into sociocultural ones who can endure lacking, incompleteness and dissatisfaction. Sexual differentiation appears in the processes of the solution of the Oedipus complex, so that girls and boys acquire the typical sex roles. There is no universal and typical feminine, and so called typical feminine properties, made in man-centered societies, belong to men's symptoms. There is no place for the woman in the world of symbols, therefore the definition of the woman ought to depend on signifier for the man. Human beings partly can't know each other and satisfy one's desires completely, because there is an unknown wall, so called unconsciousness, between subjects. So frustration necessarily follows human beings, and love which binds two people to be one could bring about just in fantasies.
The present study investigated the self-reported psychological characteristics, leadership style and leader effectiveness of female leaders(i. e., female professors) in college and the effect of the gender-related cultural factors on the perceived effectiveness, in comparison with male professors. 93 male and female professors were asked to evaluate themselves on a survey questionnaire regarding self-esteem, leader confidence, gender-equality consciousness, leadership style, leader effectiveness and the organizational culture regarding gender equality. The results demonstrated that female professors evaluated their self-esteem, professionalism, gender equality consciousness and gender consciousness(or involvement) higher than male professors. They also evaluated their task-oriented and transformational leadership as well as the instructional effectiveness higher than male professors did. Female professors perceived higher gender prejudice and counter-equality organizational practice in their colleges than male professors did, which was related to lower gender self-esteem and higher femininity. Ironically, the effectiveness of female professors in colleges where gender prejudice and counter-equality practice was high, was positively related to the masculine characteristics while negatively related to gender self-esteem. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed
The present study investigated the self-reported psychological characteristics, leadership style and leader effectiveness of female leaders(i. e., female professors) in college and the effect of the gender-related cultural factors on the perceived effectiveness, in comparison with male professors. 93 male and female professors were asked to evaluate themselves on a survey questionnaire regarding self-esteem, leader confidence, gender-equality consciousness, leadership style, leader effectiveness and the organizational culture regarding gender equality. The results demonstrated that female professors evaluated their self-esteem, professionalism, gender equality consciousness and gender consciousness(or involvement) higher than male professors. They also evaluated their task-oriented and transformational leadership as well as the instructional effectiveness higher than male professors did. Female professors perceived higher gender prejudice and counter-equality organizational practice in their colleges than male professors did, which was related to lower gender self-esteem and higher femininity. Ironically, the effectiveness of female professors in colleges where gender prejudice and counter-equality practice was high, was positively related to the masculine characteristics while negatively related to gender self-esteem. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the advertising effects of sexual banner ads on the internet. For this purpose, focused group interview was performed to explore type of sexual advertising as a preliminary study. The results showed that three types of sexual appeal advertising, i.e., sexual copy, sexual graphic, sexual copy and graphic were extracted. In order to find out attitude toward and effect of sexual banner advertising, we designed 4(three sexual types of banner, one non-sexual banner) by 2(male, female) factorial design, and tested the difference of attention, intention of click-through, attitude toward advertising and brand. As a result, sexual appeal banner was drawn more attention and intention to click-through than one nonsexual banner. On the other hand, nonsexual banner was evaluated as positive in attitude toward advertising and brand compared to sexual banner.
This study consisted of two parts. Study 1 developed role orientation scale, Study 2 investigated difference in preference of three factors(sextype, prestige, interest of occupation) by women's role orientation regarding the compromise process in career choice of 827 female undergraduate students. This study added individual variable and career aspiration level to Gottfredson's(1981) postulation. In order to measure preference of three factors, this study used pair comparison method of occupational condition. As a result of study 1, role orientation scale had reliability and validity. As a result of study 2, the difference of three factors was significant, and interaction effect of role orientation and the difference of three factors was significant. As a contrast analysis, in idealistic career aspiration level, dual career oriented group and career oriented group had preferred interest> prestige>sextype, home oriented group had preferred interest>sextype>prestige. In weak realistic career aspiration, dual career oriented group had preferred interest>sextype>prestige, and career oriented group had preferred interest> prestige>sextype, home oriented group had preferred interest=sextype>prestige. In strong realistic career aspiration, dual career oriented group had preferred sextype>interest>prestige, and career oriented group had preferred interest> prestige>sextype, and home oriented group had preferred sextype> interest>prestige. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed and the future directions of study were suggested.
This study examined differences in responses to job loss and job search intensity, based on gender, marital status, age. Among people who unemployed for less than 2 months, 1539 unemployed individuals(1139 man and 400 woman) were responded the on-line survey. The results showed significant gender differences on several aspects. Over all, unemployed women were reported more decline in the psychological and physical well-being as an outcome of unemployment than man ones. Unemployed women showed less informal job-searching activities than unemployed man. There were no significant differences, however, between women and man in the job-searching intensity and formal job-searching activities. In addition, Despite of a not significant difference between man and women in the employment commitment, the unemployed women experienced more the barriers to reemployment and lower self efficacy of job seeking and lower social capital than man ones. Regarding the impact of age and gender in the responses to unemployment and the job searching activities, the results indicated that gender and age had significant, but did not interact. In the job-searching activities, there was little significant interaction between gender and age, or between gender and marital status. Finally, meanings of these results and suggestions for further research were discussed.
This study examined differences in responses to job loss and job search intensity, based on gender, marital status, age. Among people who unemployed for less than 2 months, 1539 unemployed individuals(1139 man and 400 woman) were responded the on-line survey. The results showed significant gender differences on several aspects. Over all, unemployed women were reported more decline in the psychological and physical well-being as an outcome of unemployment than man ones. Unemployed women showed less informal job-searching activities than unemployed man. There were no significant differences, however, between women and man in the job-searching intensity and formal job-searching activities. In addition, Despite of a not significant difference between man and women in the employment commitment, the unemployed women experienced more the barriers to reemployment and lower self efficacy of job seeking and lower social capital than man ones. Regarding the impact of age and gender in the responses to unemployment and the job searching activities, the results indicated that gender and age had significant, but did not interact. In the job-searching activities, there was little significant interaction between gender and age, or between gender and marital status. Finally, meanings of these results and suggestions for further research were discussed.
This study examined the difference of the attitudes toward feminism between women and men, and its difference by age. Respondents were first and second year students in high school, their parents, and their teachers at 6 different schools in the Seoul area. The respondents were a total of 1393 people; 605 students (M=249, F=356), 592 parents (M=253, F=339), and 196 teachers (M=106, F=90). The scales were the Attitudes toward Women Scale(AWS) and the Semantic Differential Scale(SDS) for feminism and the open questionnaire. The result showed that women had more advanced and positive attitudes toward feminism than men. And the highest score of respondents among men was lower than the lowest score among women, where we can recognize how the difference of the attitudes toward feminism of the two sexes is distinctive. In general, the adolescents had the most positive attitudes. In comparison of each sex, the female students had more advanced attitudes and the mothers had the most negative and traditional attitudes toward feminism among women. The male teachers were more positive and advanced than the adolescents and the fathers among men. Among the differences of each sex group, the adolescents' difference was the most distant. Therfore, the male adolescents' attitudes were still very traditional.
This study was conducted to investigate cultural differences of leisure life. We were especially focusing on how different Korean female students are from German female students in leisure life and how different Korean male students are from German ones in it. For this goal, 368 Korean and 348 German university students completed a questionnaire measuring relationship between leisure life(leisure activities, leisure motivation, leisure attitude and leisure satisfaction) As a result of analyzing these data, prominent results are as follow. 1) Korean female students were less participating in ‘sports or healthy activities’ than ‘watching movie or listening music’, while the most part of German female students were likely to do sports or healthy activities for their leisure. 2) Even though most of Korean female students frequently participated 'indoor activities' such as internet games, card games etc, they were rarely satisfied with those. 3) Korean female students were to have a stronger ‘relaxation motivation’ but a weaker 'competent motivation' in leisure life than German female students. 4) Korean female students estimated more positively in cognitive and affective attitude of leisure than German female students.