This study is an attempt to speculate about the femininity of counseling and to formulate the concept of women counseling. It is obvious that the definition, processes and objectives of counseling reflect the archetypes of femininity, namely, care, tendeness, nurturing, understanding and the sensitivity toward others. Reviewing the literature on women counseling, so far, the emphasis of women counseling are the possession of social power, the challenge against the unfairness of sexism, and the establishment of the unifying sisterhood. Generally, these are agreeable points. However, I, the writer of this study see the activities of counseling include encouragement, care, nurturing the clients who need help from counselors. Therefore, it is possible to draw a conclusion of women counseling as follows: "Women counseling is to help the female clients to actualize their femininity which has been surpressed by the male oriented society." There, still, remains numerous aspects on the research of women counseling which will lead the further study in the field of counseling, specially, the women studies.
In this paper, the double meaning of cyberspace was analysed by feminist's perspectives focusing on human relationships. It was presumed that the classical concept, the subjectivity as the adamenat basis of the self might be deconstructed through the experiences of cyberspace-specific life. An flexible multi-identities instead of fixed uni-identity could be more adaptable and desirable in cyber-society. In this point the situation of cyberspace might be bring out dangerous change for the position of women's subjectivity. As a possible alternative for the feminists' dilema an aternative the new conception, "bodily based Cybog-Being" was proposed for the ideal model of future feminism. This image of Cybog-being based on body comprised the femine characteristic with warm caring as well as full-humanness with dynamic objectivity.
Many think women possess inferior cognitive capacity to men. Due to this sort of prejudice, women can have a negative self-concept. Is there any difference between women and men in the cognitive aspect? This study tried to answer that question by conducting a survey measuring creativity, capacity of visuo-spatial perception, and tendency to use a visual thinking. With respect to the creativity as a whole, a significant gender difference could not be found even though women recorded higher notes in the factor of fluidity. As concerns the capacity of visuo-spatial perception, men appeared to be superior to women. Finally, both men and women utilized strategy of visualization on the figurative test, while men exhibited stronger tendency to use a visual thinking on the verbal test.
The purpose of this study was to examine the limitations of traditional explanations for development and sex differences in mathematics, and to suggest the cognitive developmetal approach as an alternative. In this study, the characteristics of Miller's model as a general framwork for mathematical development were inquired and the possibility that Miller's model is an explanatory model for sex difference in mathematics was examined. The result indicates that all mathematics problems, including geometry and algebra problems can be divided by conceptual, algorithmic and symbolic competence as Miller suggeted. The cognitive developmental approach will help contribute to the decrease in the gender unbalance in mathemetics.
This study examined the effects of gender and generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation(NMR) on the use of negative mood regulation methods. We found three major results. First, men and women used different negative mood regulation methods. Women used more antifunctional methods than men, and men used more playful and deviant methods than women. Second, those who have high NMR used more behavioral, cognitive methods than those who have low NMR. And those who have low NMR used more antifunctional methods than those who have low NMR. Third, the difference of gender appeared among high NMR and low NMR people. No matter what NMR scores, Men used more playful and deviant methods than women. But women in high NMR group used more antifunctional methods than men, and women in low NMR group used more behavioral and passive methods than men. As the results, this study showed that gender affects the use of negative mood regulation methods and NMR is the factor which affects the way of negative mood regulation. The limitation of this study and the matter which study further was discussed.
The present study examined gender differences in a sample of 99 early adolescents during an ecological transition from elementary school to middle school. Early adolescents in the sample showed significant changes in their adjustment following the transition, as indicated by thier increased psychological distress or decreased academic achievement following the transition. Gender differences were found in adjustment changes over time, suggesting that boys and girls may be differentially affected by middle school transition. Different patterns of adjustment changes were explored by means of cluster analysis on the basis of psychological distress scores before and after the transition. Three distinct patterns were identified across genders, including (a) an average start but increasing to high pattern, (b) an initial low but increasing to moderately high pattern, and (c) a pattern of consistently high scores over time. The results are discussed in terms of gender differences, and implications for research and practice are elaborated.
This research determined the effects of gender differences on subjective quality of life. 2410 workers were investigated. According to the research analysis, male workers were more satisfied with their life than female workers. One of the reason that female workers were less satisfied with their life, was less satisfied with their need than male workers. However, the gender differences of the need satisfaction was rather net gender effects than status effects.
In 1990 the Korea Air Force Academy became sex-integrated by accepting female cadets. The purpose of this study is to understand sex role identity of cadets and their attitudes towards women which is considered as one of main factors of sex integration. The subject of this study is 203 cadets and 200 university students as comparison group. The results are as follows. First, masculine identity prevailed among cadets regardless of sex. Second, female cadets showed the least traditional attitude towards female sex role compared with other groups. They also had most progressive attitude towards women as manager and women in the military. Third, there was a considerable difference in the attitude towards the role of women between female and male cadets. However, male cadets tended to be more positive attitude toward women than the male university students. The results were discussed in details a view to diagnosis of problems and issues that can be introduced from process of sex integration in the following four years.
The present study explored how employment affects employed women's, especially employed mothers', psychological well-being or happiness. On the basis of the main expectation that psychological well-being experienced by the employed mothers is not determined by the employment per se, but by the women's social structural variables and social support, the present study examined the relationship between employed and nonemployed mothers' social structural variables, social support, and psychological well-being. Between Nov. 1, 1995 and Dec. 4, 1995, a sample of 558 married Korean mothers (263 employed and 295 nonemployed women) completed a questionnaire survey. In results, employed mothers in service jobs reported lower levels of well-being than employed mothers in other types of jobs, and nonemployed mothers with only daughter(s) reported lower levels of well-being than nonemployed mothers with at least one son. In addition, social support provided by various sources was related to high levels of well-being among both groups of women. Moreover, while the quantity of social support (especially, from husband) was more important for employed women than for nonemployed women, the quality of social support (especially, from husband) was more important for nonemployed women than for employed women. These results were discussed in the context of the unique culture of employed and nonemployed mothers.
In modern society, sexual violence is increasing social problem to a dangerous level and the offenders and victims are getting younger. Sexual violence is the most critical event or problem through victim`s life. We can meet the victims as a client and have to care them. Therefore, it is important to understand the experience and effect of sexual violence for the victim as a client This study was attempted to understand the experience of client who had sexual violence in childhood and its effect to present life, and ultimately to provide basic data for the practice and the body of knowledge for sexually abused children and women. To investigate the experience of women who were sexually violated, the phenomenological approach was used. The result of this research are as follows: Firstly, women who were sexually violated in childhood have blame their mother for not protecting them. Secondly, sexually violated subjects in childhood regard themselves "worthless woman" as they are not virginally chaste anymore. On the other hand, in case of family offender, the victim protect the offender with family relation and affection, and keep secret. Thirdly, some still have compensated mind or revengeful thought against the offenders and have biased view of male. Fourthly, subjects reveal depression, taciturnity and shyness, and even the tendency of autism. Fifthly, subjects felt the sense of dirty. Last, the victim`s experience of sexual violence drive the victims to protect themselves only be sex itself and sometimes feel guilty for their being violented. The results above revealed that the sexual violence in childhood make women have negative and passive attitude to male or powerful being, and to have negative self esteem and to regard themselves not virginally chaste anymore. Consequently, sexually violented women give up initiative life in their lives. In conclusion, the nurses who care the victim of sexual violence have to understand victim`s experience and its lifelong effect and to apply their knowledge about victims to clinical practice.