본 연구는 중노년기 부부 185쌍을 대상으로 감사표현과 감사성향이 남편과 아내 자신의 결혼만족도와 행복감에 어떤 영향을 미치는지, 상대배우자의 결혼만족도와 행복감에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보았다. 남편은 아내에 비해 감사표현 중 ‘보답행동’과 ‘내적반성’을 더 많이 표현하고, 상대배우자가 자신에게 감사표현을 더 많이 한다고 지각하여 감사표현의 지각과 실행에서 남편과 아내 간에 차이가 있었다. 남편과 아내의 감사표현이 본인과 상대배우자의 결혼만족도에 미치는 영향에 관한 회귀분석 결과, 남편의 결혼만족도를 설명하는 가장 강력한 변인은 아내로부터 받은 감사표현인 반면, 아내의 결혼만족도에 가장 설명량이 높은 변인은 자신이 남편에게 표현한 감사이었다. 남편과 아내의 행복감에는 본인의 감사성향이 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 감사표현은 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 남편과 아내가 상대로 향한 감사표현과 상대로부터 받았다고 지각하는 감사표현의 유형을 조합하여 두 집단으로 구분하여 비교한 결과, 아내의 경우에는 남편에게 받았다고 느끼는 감사표현보다 자신이 남편에게 표현한 감사가 더 많았던 집단이 자신의 감사표현보다 남편이 더 많은 감사표현을 받았다고 보고한 집단보다 결혼만족도가 더 높았다. 남편의 경우에는 두 집단 간에 차이가 없었다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 감사표현은 부부관계를 증진시킬 수 있는 유용한 변인이 될 수 있음과 감사성향은 행복감과 관련된 변인임을 논하였다.
This research aims to examine relationships among expressional gratitude, marital satisfaction and happiness in aged married couples over forty years old. One hundred and eighty five couples living in Busan participated this study. Husbands showed more gratitude expressions in ‘return behavior' and ‘reflection' areas than wives did. Husbands also reported that they received more gratitude expression from their wives than wives did. According to stepwise regression analysis of predicted variables on marital satisfaction, husband's perceived gratitude expression given by their wife was a robust and essential factor to explain husband's marital satisfaction. On the other hand, wives's expressed gratitude toward their husband was a major factor to predict wives' marital satisfaction. The dispositional gratitude was the most crucial factor for couple's happiness but not for marital satisfaction. Compared between perceived gratitude more group and expressed gratitude more group, wives in expressed gratitude more group toward their husbands reported more marital satisfaction than wives in perceived gratitude more group provided by husbands. In contrast, husbands in perceived gratitude more group showed more marital satisfaction than husbands in expressed gratitude more group. The results suggest that couple's expressed gratitude toward one's spouse may be a promoting variable to enhance positive relationship, wheras dispositional gratitude may be a variable that enhances happiness.
국립국어원 (2008). 표준국어대사전. 두산동아.
김나영 (2011). 중년기 부부 애착 유형에 따른결혼만족도와 주관적 안녕감. 부산대학교대학원 석사학위논문.
김아슬 (2013). 감사표현이 결혼만족도에 미치는영향. 아주대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
권선중, 김교현, 이홍석 (2006). 한국판 감사성향 척도(K-GQ-6)의 신뢰도 및 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(1), 177-190.
김유리, 이희경 (2012). 감사성향이 안녕감과우울에 미치는 영항: 인지적 정서 조절전략을 매개로. 학생생활연구. 25. 19-35.
김홍순 (2011). 청소년 행복에 관한 감사조절모형의 연구. 경기대학교 일반대학원 박사학위논문.
박은아 (2003). 단독가구 남녀노인의 부부간 의사소통․의사결정 참여 및 가정생활만족도. 숙명여자대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
박연화 (2011). 중년기 성인의 노화불안과 죽음에 대한 태도. 부산가톨릭대학교 생명과학대학원 석사학위논문.
서은국, 구재선 (2011). 단축형 행복 척도(COMOSWB) 개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25(1), 96-114.
소은희, 신희천 (2011). 감사가 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향: 대인관계 기본 심리적욕구 만족의 매개 효과. 상담학연구, 12(1), 159-175.
유시순 (2009). 여성 노인의 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구. 임상사회사업연구, 6(1), 123-140.
이은아 (2006). 중년기 남녀의 성역할 정체감과 부부갈등 및 심리적 적응의 관계. 한국가족자원경영학회지, 10(1), 107-126.
이정은, 이영호 (2000). 개인특성, 스트레스 및부부간 의사소통과 결혼만족도의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19(3), 531-548.
장춘미 (2001). 스트레스가 결혼만족에 미치는영향: 부부의 지지 및 갈등해결행동을 중심으로. 서울여자대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
조선경 (1989). 의사소통을 위한 부부관계강화프로그램. 계명대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
조한나, 정영숙 (2011). 여성노인의 감사성향과그 기능의 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 24(4), 163-188.
채중민 (2008). 감사하기가 행복감 향상에 미치는 효과. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
최상진, 정태연 (2001). 인고에 대한 한국인의심리: 긍정적 보상기대와 부정적 과실상계를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및사회문제, 7(2), 21-38.
최재율 (1988). 가족사회학. 광주: 전남대출판부.
통계청 (2014). 2014 혼인 이혼 통계. 통계청.
Algoe, S. B., Gable, S. L., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). It’s the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17(2), 217-233.
Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425-429.
Atkinson, T. (1980). Public perceptions of the quality of life. In H. J. Adler, & D. A. Brusegard (Eds.), Perspective Canada Ⅲ. Ottawa: Statics Canada.
Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17(4), 319-325.
Bennett, L., Ross, M. W., & Sunderland, R. (1996). The relationship between recognition, rewards, and burnout in AIDS caregiving. AIDS Care, 8(2), 145-153.
Bello, R. S., Brandau-Brown, F. E., Zhang, S., & Ragsdale, J. D. (2010). Verbal and nonverbal methods for expressing appreciation in friendships and romantic relationships: A crosscultural comparison. International journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(3), 294-302.
Bernstein, D. M., & Simmons, R. G. (1974). The adolescent kidney donor: The right to give. American Journal of Psychiatry, 13(12), 1338-1343.
Billingsley, S., Lim, M., Caron, J. Harris, A., & Canada, R.. (2005). Historical overview of criteria for marital and family success. Family Therapy, 32(1), 1-14.
Bryant, F. B. (2003). Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savoring. Journal of Mental Health, 12(2), 175-196.
Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (1982). The structure of psychological well-being: A sociohistorical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(4), 653.
Burr, W. S. (1971). An expansion and test of a role theory of marital satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 33(2), 368-372.
Clark, H. B., Northrop, J. T., & Barkshire, C. T. (1988). The effects of contingent thank-you notes on case managers visiting residential clients. Education and Treatment of Children, 11(1), 45-51.
Clark, R. D. (1975). The effects of reinforcement, punishment and dependency on helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1(4), 596-599.
Cobb R. J., Davila, J., & Bradbury, T. N. (2001). Attachment security and marital satisfaction:The role of positive perceptions and social support. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1131-1143.
Compton, W. C., Smith, M. L., Cornish, K. a., & Qualls, D. L. (1996). Factor structure of mental health measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 406-413.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., Pavot, W, G., & Allman (1999). The psychic cost of intense positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 492-503.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H, L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
Emmons, R. A. (2007). Thanks!: How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier. NY: Houghton-Mifflin.
Emmons, R, A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 56-69.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2005). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In C. R. Synder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 459-471). NY: Oxford.
Fincham, E, D., Paleari, F, G., & Regalia, C. (2002). Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 23-27.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds. In R. A. Emmons, & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The Psychology of Gratitude(pp. 145-166). NY:Oxford University Press.
Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 84(2), 365-376.
Geist, R. L., & Gilbert, D. G. (1996). Correlates of expressed and felt emotion during marital conflict: Satisfaction, personality, process, and outcome. Personality and Individual Difference, 21(1), 49-60.
Goldman, M., Seever M., & Seever, M. (1982). Social Labeling and the foot-in-the-door effect. Journal of Social Psychology, 117(1), 19-23.
Gordon, C. L., Arnett, R. A, & Smith, R. E. (2011). Have you thanked your spouse today?:Felt and expressed gratitude among married couples. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(3), 339-343.
Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2002). Marital research in the 20th century and a research agenda for the 21st century. Family Process, 41(2), 159-197.
Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (1999). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. NY:Crown.
Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946-955.
Harkins, E. B. (1978). Effects of empty-nest transition on self-report of psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 40(3), 459-556.
Johnson, D. R., Amoloza, T. O., & Booth, A. (1992). Stability and developmental change in marital quality: A three-wave panel analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54(3). 582-594.
Kendler, K. S., Jacobson, K. C., Prescott, C. A., & Neale, M. C. (2003). Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for use and abuse/dependence of cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants, and opiates in male twins. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(4), 687-695.
Lambert, N. M., & Dollahite, D. C. (2008). The Threefold Cord Marital Commitment in Religious Couples. Journal of Family Issues, 29(5), 592-614.
Lambert, N. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Expressing gratitude to a partner leads to more relationship maintenance behavior. Emotion, 11(1), 52-60.
Lazarus. R. S., & Lazarus. B. N. (1994). Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions. NY:Oxford University Press.
Locksley, A. (1980). On the effects of wives’employment on marital adjustment and companionship. Journal of Marriage and Family, 42(2), 337-346.
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 616-628.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others?: The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist, 56(3), 239-249.
Matthews, L. S., Conger, R. D., & Wichrama, K. A. (1996). Work-family conflict and marital quality: Mediating processes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59(1), 62-79.
McCullough, M. E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who does it and how do they do it? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 194-197.
McGovern, L. P., Ditzian J. L., & Taylor, S. P. (1975). The effect of one positive reinforcement on helping with cost. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5(5), 421-423.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112-127.
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral effect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-266.
Moss, M. K., & Page, R. A. (1972). Reinforcement and helping behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2(4), 360-371.
Norton, R. (1983). Measuring marital quality: A critical look at the dependent variable. Journal of Marriage and Family, 45(1), 141-151.
Roach, A., Frazier, L., & Bowden, S. (1981). The marital satisfaction scale: Development of a measure for intervention research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 43(3), 537-546.
Robert, R. C. (2004). The blessing of gratitude: A conceptual analysis. In a R. A. Emmons &M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The Psychology of Gratitude (pp. 58-80). NY: Oxford University Press.
Rosenberg, E. L. (1998). Levels of analysis and the organization of affect. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 247-270.
Schramm, D. G., Marshall, J. P., & Harris, V. W. (2005). After “I do”: The newlywed transition. Marriage and Family Review, 38(1), 45-67.
Sharlin, S. A. (1996). Long-term successful marriages in Israel. Contemporary Family Therapy, 18(2), 225-242.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New Scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and Family, 38(1), 15-28.
Troll, L. E. (1982). Continuations: Adult Development and Aging. CA: Brooks/Cole.
Tsang, J. A. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition and Emotion, 20(1), 138-148.
Walker, R. B., & Luszcz, M. A. (2009). The health and relationship dynamics of late-life couples: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing and Society, 29(4), 455-480.
Watkins, P. C. (2004). Gratitude and subjective well-being. In R. A. Emmons, & M. E. McCullough (Eds.). The Psychology of Gratitude (pp. 167-192). NY: Oxford University Press.
Watkins, P. C., Grimm, D. L., & Kolts, R. (2004). Counting your blessings: Positive memories among grateful persons. Current Psychology, 23(1), 52-67.
Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness:The development of a measure of gratitude and relationship with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31(5), 431-451.
Wood, A, M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2008). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), 49-54.
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J. S., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 854-871.
