This study aimed to identify conceptual structure on multiple-role strategies of working mothers through a concept mapping method. Primary sentences for the idea about multiple-role strategies extracted by 35 working mothers with child(ren) under age 18. Key sentences were extracted based on their responses, then 10 participants among 35 sorted them and rated importance of each key sentences. As a result of multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis, two dimensions, time/action based - strain based and personal-social axis were found. Also, six types of multiple-role coping strategies were grouped: 1) networking as a mother, 2) structural role redefinition, 3)cognitive restructuring, 4) seeking social support, 5) parenting and educating, and 6) family-role focused coping. We discussed research implications and limitations based on the results.
In order to explore the ‘meaning of work as a woman’, this study has analyzed 238 women’s self-examining report from Seoul’s both co-ed and women's university by using CQR-M. As a FUS(female university student) analyzing the meaning of oneself as a woman, I have broken down the results into 4 areas. First area indicates the barriers that career-pursuing FUSs face. The internal barriers related to their career as a woman is recognized as four sub-categories; general denial of femininity, the difficulty of non-traditional career choices, the burden of multiple roles and low self-efficacy for oneself. The external barriers are also recognized into several. Such as, still-existing son preferences, generalized gender inequality in co-ed university, institutionalized gender inequality outside of school, gender specified jobs with veiled stability, etc. Second area is significant others the FUSs are shown as father, mother, and others. Under the category of father, it is divided into supportive and optimistic father or pessimistic and forcing father. Under the category of mother, it is divided into three; out-going yet busy working mothers, devoted yet depressed mothers, and the mothers with overcoming career discontinuity. The others that give influence includes certain employees, and female family members other than mother, relationships with partners, friends, and role models. Third area is the experience of FUSs, which falls into two sub-categories: work-related, and non-work related. The work related experiences is again subdivided into the following situations, situations that required to follow the organizational structure and its rules, handling complex relationships, taking under consideration of one self’s interest, and realization of the reality after hard labor. Non-work related experiences FUSs have had are subdivided into three, which are as follows. Interest and curiosity to different worlds and expansion of perception, discoveries of hidden talents, overcoming personal crisis and following maturity after the crisis. Last area is the desiring female’s role in the future has divided into three, which are family-oriented motherly female, work-oriented independent female, and female who seeks the combination of both work and family despite the difficulties. The choices that one would make for better building of one self’s career included differentiated effort for self-development, specific research on desiring jobs, job opportunities that are not related to the current major. This analysis suggests diverse career issues concerning FUSs can be utilized for their career counseling.
In order to explore the 'meaning of work as a woman', this study has analyzed 238 women's self-examining report from Seoul's both co-ed and women's university by using CQR-M. As a FUS(female university student) analyzing the meaning of oneself as a woman, I have broken down the results into 4 areas. First area indicates the barriers that career-pursuing FUSs face. The internal barriers related to their career as a woman is recognized as four sub-categories; general denial of femininity, the difficulty of non-traditional career choices, the burden of multiple roles and low self-efficacy for oneself. The external barriers are also recognized into several. Such as, still-existing son preferences, generalized gender inequality in co-ed university, institutionalized gender inequality outside of school, gender specified jobs with veiled stability, etc. Second area is significant others the FUSs are shown as father, mother, and others. Under the category of father, it is divided into supportive and optimistic father or pessimistic and forcing father. Under the category of mother, it is divided into three; out-going yet busy working mothers, devoted yet depressed mothers, and the mothers with overcoming career discontinuity. The others that give influence includes certain employees, and female family members other than mother, relationships with partners, friends, and role models. Third area is the experience of FUSs, which falls into two sub-categories: work-related, and non-work related. The work related experiences is again subdivided into the following situations, situations that required to follow the organizational structure and its rules, handling complex relationships, taking under consideration of one self's interest, and realization of the reality after hard labor. Non-work related experiences FUSs have had are subdivided into three, which are as follows. Interest and curiosity to different worlds and expansion of perception, discoveries of hidden talents, overcoming personal crisis and following maturity after the crisis. Last area is the desiring female's role in the future has divided into three, which are family-oriented motherly female, work-oriented independent female, and female who seeks the combination of both work and family despite the difficulties. The choices that one would make for better building of one self's career included differentiated effort for self-development, specific research on desiring jobs, job opportunities that are not related to the current major. This analysis suggests diverse career issues concerning FUSs can be utilized for their career counseling.
This study aimed to examine relationships among mothers’ perceptions on the early experiences of the family-of-origin and adult attachment, and cooperations in parenting in the current family (co-parenting), and children’s levels of social competences. For the purpose, data was collected from mothers of children of 4 and 5 years, who lived in Kyeonggi province (n=251). The data was analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling(SEM). Results revealed that first, maternal early experiences in the family-of-origin had a positive impact on the adult attachment, while having no direct effects on co-parenting. Maternal adult attachment had a direct positive influence on co-parenting, and the adult attachment and co-parenting had positive effects on children’s social competence respectively. Second, mothers’ adult attachment mediated the relationship between how mothers perceived experiences in the family-of-origin and their children’s social competences, and co-parenting mediated the impact of the family-of-origin on children’s social competences. Next, the effects of the family of origin experiences on co-parenting were mediated by maternal adult attachment, while maternal adult attachment had indirect effects on children’s social competences through co-parenting. The implications of these findings are discussed, expecially focusing on the ways to improve children’s social competences.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity of Korean version of the Index of Spouse Abuse(Hudson & McIntosh, 1981). The ISA was originally developed to ask female partner about her male spouse however, in this study neutral expressions were adapted to apply to all male and female partners. Participants were 469 individuals(173 males and 296 females) out of legally married couple, former spouse and living in the state which was following the criteria of spouse abuse proposed by Torres, etc. (2010). Through the exploratory factor analysis, not only the three factor structure of psychological abuse, physical abuse and control behavior was extracted but the fit of this model was also confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The t-test or ANOVA and ANCOVA(covariate: age) were performed to examine the difference between CTS and BDI scores according to the level of psychological, physical abuse, and control behavior of K-ISA. The results showed high internal consistency. In conclusion, K-ISA was found to be a reliable and valid scale of measuring three abusive factors in Korean population. Limitations of this study discussed in relation to future studies.
The purpose of this study is to investigate moderating effects of self-expression between employed women’s non-adoptive cognitive emotion regulation and job satisfaction. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(CERQ), Job Satisfaction Scale(JSS), and Self Expression Scale(SES) were completed by a sample consisting of 726 employed women working as regular office workers in private enterprise in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the general trend of the measured variables based on the collected data, and hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the moderating effect. The results of this study are as follows. First, non-adoptive cognitive emotion regulation and job satisfaction were found to have negative correlation, non-adoptive cognitive emotion regulation and self expression were found to have positive correlation, and self expression and job satisfaction were found to have positive correlation. Second, employed women’s self-expression between non-adoptive cognitive emotion regulation and job satisfaction showed a moderating effect. These findings showed that the level of job satisfaction may vary depending on the level of self-expression, by considering together employed women’s non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation and self-expression. Moreover, it is significant that needs for interventions to increase self-expression through methods such as counseling and education for employed women are proposed.
This study was to explore experience of offenders’ wives during their husbands’ incarceration. 13 ex- offenders’ wives who received housing support by the Korea Rehabilitation Agency were interviewed and the data was analyzed using grounded theory. In open coding, 151 concepts, 32 subcategories, and 13 categories emerged from the data. In axial coding, central phenomenon was ‘living in the throes of a kind of dying’. Intervention condition was ‘searching for help’. Strategies were ‘carrying of the cross for family’, ‘instrumental activities to overcome’, and ‘family solidarity’. Consequence was ‘hold self- consciousness’. In selective coding, main theme was ‘living like in a war zone, but there was much introspection and loving for the family’. Based upon the research outcomes, the needs for ex-offenders’ families resiliency was discussed.