Article Contents
- 2024 (Vol.29)
- 2023 (Vol.28)
- 2022 (Vol.27)
- 2021 (Vol.26)
- 2020 (Vol.25)
- 2019 (Vol.24)
- 2018 (Vol.23)
- 2017 (Vol.22)
- 2016 (Vol.21)
- 2015 (Vol.20)
- 2014 (Vol.19)
- 2013 (Vol.18)
- 2012 (Vol.17)
- 2011 (Vol.16)
- 2010 (Vol.15)
- 2009 (Vol.14)
- 2008 (Vol.13)
- 2007 (Vol.12)
- 2006 (Vol.11)
- 2005 (Vol.10)
- 2004 (Vol.9)
- 2003 (Vol.8)
- 2002 (Vol.7)
- 2001 (Vol.6)
- 2000 (Vol.5)
- 1999 (Vol.4)
- 1998 (Vol.3)
- 1997 (Vol.2)
- 1996 (Vol.1)
Development and Validation of a Vicarious Trauma Scale
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a vicarious trauma scale(VTS). This study examined the psychometric properties and preliminary items of the VTS based on the analysis of interview data from trauma counselors and reviewing of existing literature. The experts-contents-validity was confirmed and the final preliminary scale was developed. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a reasonable fit index for this six factor structure of the vicarious trauma scale. The results from a convergent and discriminant validity indicated that there is a correlation between the vicarious trauma scale and Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale, Counselor Burnout Inventory, and Inventory of Counter-transference Behavior. A predictive validity analysis indicated that the scale is negatively correlated with subjective wellness and life satisfaction. In addition, relationships between this scale and work experience variable was analyzed. The result indicated that expert group in comparison with novice group experiences significantly higher level of ‘positive effect’. Finally implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for further research were discussed.
- keywords
- vicarious trauma, trauma counselors, vicarious trauma scale, 대리외상, 외상 상담자, 대리외상 척도
Reference
강방글, 한인영, 이현정, 박정림 (2013). 성폭력 상담사의 대리외상에 대한 주관성 인식 유형 연구. 정신과 사회사업, 41(3), 118- 147.
고영빈 (2008). 아동보호전문기관 상담원의 이차적 외상 스트레스에 영향을 미치는 요인. 이화여자대학교. 석사학위논문.
권해수 (2011). 성폭력 상담자의 대리외상 관련 변인 연구: 상담유형, 외상경험, 사회적 지지를 중심으로. 상담학연구, 12(1), 415-430.
권해수, 김소라 (2006). 성폭력 상담자의 대리 외상 경험에 대한 질적 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 18(3), 495-518.
김보경 (2012). 성폭력, 성매매 상담자의 이차적 외상 스트레스와 대리 외상의 관계에서 외상 신념의 매개 효과. 이화여자대학교. 석사학위논문.
김지은, 조성호 (2006). 역전이 행동 척도의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 18(1), 117-136.
남희경, 장성숙 (2016). 숙련 및 초심 외상 상담자가 지각하는 대리외상의 영향과 대처에 관한 개념도 연구. 상담학 연구, 12(3), 1-22.
박윤미, 윤혜미 (2011). 외상생존자와 일하는 사회복지사의 소진에 대한 역할 갈등, 업무 부담과 이차외상 및 자기 효능감의 영향. 한국아동복지학, 36, 289-322.
박지영 (2011). 한국형 이차적 외상스트레스 척도의 구성 타당화 연구. 한국사회복지학, 63(4), 33-57.
서은국, 구재선 (2011). 단축형 행복 척도(COSMOSW)의 개발과 타당화. 한국심리학회: 사회 및 성격, 25(1), 95-113.
손지연 (2012). 미술치료사의 대리외상 경험과 대처에 관한 연구: 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 중심으로. 영남대학교. 석사학위논문.
안현의 (2005). 청소년의 외상 경험과 인지 변화에 관한 연구. 청소년 상담연구, 13(1), 31-41.
윤민지 (2012). 긍정정서와 삶에 대한 만족 관계에서 긍정사고, 의미발견 및 의미추구의 매개효과 검증. 이화여자대학교. 석사학위논문.
이동훈, 신지영, 김유진 (2015). 세월호 재난상담에 참여한 여성상담자의 성장에 관한 생애사 연구. 한국심리학회: 여성, 20(3), 369-400.
이미혜, 성승연 (2014). 상담자를 위한 대리외상: 개관연구. 한국심리학회: 일반, 33(1), 109-137.
이양자, 정남운 (2008). 외상 후 성장에 관한 연구개관: 적응과의 관계 및 치료적 적용을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 13(1). 1-23.
이영선, 이소래, 주성아, 고영빈, 김예진, 한인영 (2012). 응급구조원, 지하철 승무원, 아동보호 전문기관 사회복지사의 대리 외상과 외상 후 성장. 사회복지연구, 43(1), 249-273.
정여주 (2011). 여성폭력상담소 종사자들의 자기효능감과 클라이언트 폭력이 이차적 외상에 미치는 영향 연구: 대처방식의 매개효과를 중심으로. 충남대학교. 박사학위논문.
허재경, 신영주 (2015). 여성상담자의 상담자 전문직 정체성 발달경험에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 10(4), 615-639.
Adams, S. A., & Riggs, S. (2008). An exploratory study of vicarious trauma among therapist trainees. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2(1), 26-34.
Baird, K., & Kracen, A. C. (2006). Vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress: A research synthesis. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 181-188.
Baird, S., & Jenkins. S. R. (2003). Vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout in sexual assault and domestic violence agency volunteer and paid staff. Violence and Victims, 18(1), 71-86.
Bride, B. E., Robinson, M. M., Yegidis, B., & Figley, C. R. (2004). Development and Validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(1), 27-35.
Canfield, J. (2005). Secondary traumatization, burnout, and vicarious traumatization: Review of the literature as it relates to therapists who treat trauma. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 75(2), 81-101.
Cohen, K., & Collens, P. (2013). The impact of trauma work on trauma workers: A meta-synthesis on vicarious trauma and vicarious posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(6), 570-580.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cunningham, M. (2003). Impact of trauma work on social work clinicians: Empirical findings. Social Work, 48(4). 451-459.
Diener, E., Emmon, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Elwood, L. S., Mott, J., Lohr, J. M., & Galvski, T. E. (2011). Secondary trauma symptoms in clinicians: A critical review of the construct, specify, and implications for trauma-focused treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 25-36
Fridman, S., & Gelso, C. J. (2000). The development of the inventory of countertransference behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1221-1235.
Gottfried, V. M. (2010). Indirect trauma syndrome: Empirical validation of a model that synthesizes secondary and vicarious trauma. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Louisville, Kentucky.
Herman, J. (2007). 트라우마-가정폭력에서 정치적 테러까지. [Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence]. (최현정 역). 서울: 플래닛. (원전은 1997년 출판).
Hernandez, P., Gangsei, D., & Engstrom, D. (2007). Vicarious resilience: A qualitative investigation into a description of new concept. Family Process, 46, 229-241.
Hurley, A. E., Scandura, T. A., Schriesheim, C. A., Brannick, M. T., Seers, A., Vandenberg, R. J., & Williams, L. J. (1997). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of organizational behavior, 18(6), 667-683.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Jenkins, S. R., & Baird, S. (2002). Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(5), 423-432.
Lee, S. M., Baker, C. R., Cho, S. H., Heckathorn, D. E., Holland, M. W., & Newgent, R. A. (2007). Development and initial psychometrics of the counselor burnout inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40(3), 142-154.
McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 131-149.
Pearlman, L. A. (2003). The trauma and attachment belief scale manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Pearlman, L. A., & Mac Ian, P. S. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: An empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26(6), 558-565.
Pearlman, L. A., & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. London: W. W. Norton.
Sabin-Farrell, R., & Turpin, G. (2003). Vicarious traumatization: Implications for the mental health of health workers. Clinical Psychology, 23, 449-480.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455-471.
Thompson, B (2010). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Trippany, R. L., White Kress, V. E., & Wilcoxon, S. A. (2004). Preventing vicarious trauma: What counselors should know then working with trauma survivors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82(1), 31-37.
Trochim, W. (1989). An introduction of concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Evaluation and Program Planning, 12, 1-16.
Van de Water, R. C. (1996). Vicarious traumatization of therapists: The impact for working with trauma survivors. Doctoral Dissertation, Boston University.
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of event scale-revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press.
Yu, K. (2007). A Cross-cultural validation study on counselor burnout: A Korean sample. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Arkansas.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations