ISSN : 1229-0718
정보제공자가 과거에 얼마나 정확하게 정보를 제시했는지는 선택적인 신뢰의 판단에서 성인과 아동 모두가 고려하는 중요한 요인이다. 한국과 미국의 만 3-5세 아동들은 성인이더라도 과거 정확도가 0%이면 과거 정확도가 100%인 또래 아동을 더 신뢰한다. 본 연구에서는 정보제공자의 과거 정확도가 덜 극단적인 비교 상황(25%대 75%)에서 한국의 만 4-5세가 상대적으로 정확한 또래 아동(4번 중 3번 물체 명칭을 정확히 말함)과 상대적으로 부정확한 성인(4번 중 1번만 물체 명칭을 정확히 말함) 중 누구를 더 신뢰하는지 검토하였다. 실험 결과, 4세 아동은 선행연구와 동일하게 비교적 정확한 또래 정보제공자를 성인보다 신뢰하였다. 반면에 5세 아동은 또래 아동보다 상대적으로 부정확한 성인 정보제공자를 신뢰하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 관련한 첫 단계 연구 결과로 추가 검증이 필요하지만, 우선적으로 한국 아동이 성장 과정에서 연장자를 존중하는 문화에 노출되어 신뢰성 판단에서 정보제공자의 연령을 중시하기 시작할 가능성을 고려하게 한다. 그리고 이러한 문화적 영향은 정보제공자의 과거 정확도의 대비가 확률적으로 극단적이지 않은 상황에서 관찰될 수 있는 경향성일 가능성도 시사한다.
An informant’s history of past accuracy is an important factor that is considered in selective trust in children as well as adults. Three- to five-year-olds select a peer as a reliable source of information if they were 100% accurate in the past and reject an adult if they were 0% accurate in the past. This pattern was observed in both American and Korean children. The present study examined how Korean 4 and 5-year-olds weigh the informant’s age in their selective trust under a circumstance where the informants’ accuracy was contrasted relatively less extremely: 75% versus 25%. In particular, we presented an adult informant who named objects accurately 1 out of 4 times (25%) and a child peer informant who labeled objects accurately 3 out of 4 times (75%) to 4- to 5-year-olds, and observed which informant they chose as a reliable source for a novel object’s label. While 4-year-olds still chose the relatively more accurate peer informant, 5-year-olds selected the relatively less accurate adult informant over the more accurate peer informant, showing that the older children gave greater weight to the informant’s age than the informant’s past accuracy. Further corroboration would be necessary, but the current results appear linked to the possibility that sociocultural factors in Korean culture, such as respecting older people and viewing older people as more wise and experienced than younger people, begin to influence Korean 5-year-olds in their selective trust.
박진이, 김민진 (2010). 만 3·4·5세 유아의 존댓말 습득에 관한 연구. 아동학회지, 31(6), 153–166.
안준희 (2016). ‘언니한테 자랑하는 거니?’: 한국 아동들의 의사친척용어 학습을 통한 사회적 지위와 위계의 사회화. 한국문화인류학, 49(3), 17-39.
정소미, 최영은 (2017). 한국 아동의 신뢰성 판단에 정보제공자의 연령이 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 30(3), 67-82.
정소미, 최영은 (2018). 한국 아동의 신뢰성 판단에 영향을 미치는 정보제공자의 특성. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 31(2), 1-19.
최영은 (2016). 의심의 기술 발달: 선택적 신뢰와 증거성 추론. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 29(1), 63-82.
Bar-Tal, D. (1996). Development of social categories and stereotypes in early childhood: The case of “the Arab” concept formation, stereotype and attitudes by Jewish children in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 341-370.
Brown, C. S., & Bigler, R. S. (2004). Children's perceptions of gender discrimination. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 714-726.
Brown, C. S., & Bigler, R. S. (2005). Children’s Perceptions on Discrimination: A Developmental model. Child Development, 76(3), 533-553.
Clement, F., Koenig, M., & Harris, P. (2004). The ontogenesis of trust. Mind and Language, 19(4), 360-379.
Corriveau, K., & Harris, P. L. (2009a). Choosing your informant: Weighing familiarity and recent accuracy. Developmental Science, 12(3), 426-437.
Corriveau, K., & Harris, P. L. (2009b). Preschoolers continue to trust a more accurate informant 1 week after exposure to accuracy information. Developmental Science, 12(1), 188-193.
Corriveau, K. H., Kinzler, K. D., & Harris, P. L. (2013). Accuracy trumps accent in children's endorsement of object labels. Developmental psychology, 49(3), 470.
Elashi, F. B., & Mills, C. M. (2014). Do children trust based on group membership or prior accuracy? The role of novel group membership in children’s trust decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 128, 88-104.
Jaswal, V. K., & Neely, L. A. (2006). Adults don't always know best preschoolers use past reliability over age when learning new words. Psychological Science, 17(9), 757-758.
Kinzler, K. D., Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2011). Children’s selective trust in native-accented speakers. Developmental Science, 14(1), 106-111.
Koenig, M. A., Clement, F., & Harris, P. L. (2004). Trust in testimony: Children's use of true and false statements. Psychological Science, 15(10), 694-698.
Koenig, M. A., & Woodward, A. L. (2010). Sensitivity of 24-month-olds to the prior inaccuracy of the source: Possible mechanisms. Developmental Psychology, 46(4), 815.
McDonald, K. P., & Ma, L. (2015). Dress nicer=know more? Young children’s knowledge attribution and selective learning based on how others dress. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0144424.
Pasquini, E., Corriveau, K., Koenig, M., Harris, P. (2007). Preschoolers monitor the relative accuracy of informants. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1216-1226.
Raabe, T. & Beelmann, A. (2011). Development of ethnic, racial, and national prejudice in childhood and adolescence: A multinational metaanalysis of age differences. Child Development, 82(6), 1715-1737.
Ronfard, S., & Lane, J.D. (2018). Preschoolers continually adjust their epistemic trust based on an informant’s ongoing accuracy. Child Development, 89(2), 414-429.
Taylor, M., Cartwright, B. S., & Bowden, T. (1991). Perspective taking and theory of mind: Do children predict interpretive diversity as a function of differences in observers' knowledge?. Child Development, 62(6), 1334-1351.
Triandis, H. C. (1972). The analysis of subjective culture. NewYork: Wiley.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96(3), 506-520.
Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1006-1020.
Tummeltshammer, K. S., Wu, R., Sobel, D. M., & Kirkham, N. Z. (2014). Infants track the reliability of potential informants. Psychological Science, 25(9), 1730-1738.
Yum, J. O. (1987). Korean philosophy and communication. Communication theory: Eastern and Western Perspectives, 71-86.
Yum, J. O. (1988). The impact of Confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication pattern in East Asia. Communication Monographs, 55, 374-388.
