바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology

Perception of the organizational environment for female leaders in the public sector

Abstract

The present study investigated the organizational environment of the public sector which put female leaders at a disadvantageous position. More specifically, we hypothesized that leaders in general would evaluate the anti-female organizational environments stronger for the government organization and the public enterprises than for the NGOs and the universities. We also hypothesized that female leaders in the government organization and the public enterprises in comparison with the NGOs and the universities, would perceive the organizational environment more at a disadvantage for females than male leaders would, and perceive their psychological strength as well as leader effectiveness lower than male leaders would. To investigate these hypotheses, we asked 319 leaders (females 138, males 181) in the public sector (i.e., the government, the public enterprises, the NGOs and the universities) to fill out a survey questionnaire. The results demonstrated that in general people evaluated the anti-female organizational environment in the public enterprises stronger than in the other organizations. The results also showed that in general female leaders evaluated the organizational environment for females more negatively, their power/status lower, self-esteem as well as collective self-esteem lower and their effectiveness as a leader lower than male leaders did. Furthermore, these gender differences were the most prominent in the public enterprises. These results were discussed in terms of theoretical as well as practical implications.

keywords
female leaders. public sector, organizational environment, psychological strength, leader effectiveness, 여성 리더, 공공부문 조직, 조직환경, 심리적 요인, 리더십 효과성

Reference

1.

한국여성정책연구원 (2006). 여성통계연보.

2.

김양희 (2000). 기업내 남녀관리자의 리더십 비교 연구. 한국여성개발원.

3.

김영래, 이선이, 김호섭, 김혜숙, 강민정 (2005). 한국 NGO의 여성 리더십에 관한 연구: 효율성과 결정요인을 중심으로. 정치․정보연구, 8(2):37-61.

4.

김혜숙 (1994). 한국집단자아존중척도. 한국심리학회지:사회, 8(1), 103-116.

5.

김혜숙, 이선이, 윤소연, 김영래, 김호섭 (2005). 대학에서의 여성 리더: 남녀 교수의 리더십 자기 지각 비교. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 10(3), 293-319.

6.

김혜숙, 장재윤 (2002). 여성 공무원 리더의 효율성, 성 정체성, 삶의 만족도와 조직의 성차별 문화. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 8(2), 191-208.

7.

박통희 외. (2004). 편견의 문화와 여성리더십: 여성공직자와 역할 모형. 대영문화사.

8.

밸리언 (김영신 역) (2000). 여성의 성공 왜 느릴까?. 서울: 여성신문사.

9.

이주희, 전병유. Lee, J. (2004). 유리천장 깨뜨리기: 관리직 여성의 일과 삶. 한울 아카데미.

10.

정성호 (1991) 한국행정연구에 있어서 문화심리적 접근의 평가. 한국 행정학보25(3): 707-726.

11.

조혜정 (1985). 한국의 사회변동과 가족주의. 한국문화인류학. 17: 79-96.

12.

Adler, N. J. and Izraeli, D. N. (1988). Women in Management Worldwide. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

13.

Bass, B. M., J. Crusell, and R. A. Alexander. (1971) “Male managers” attitude toward working women. American Behavioral Scientist, 15, 221-236

14.

Brass, D. J. (1985). Men's and women's networks: A study of interaction patterns and influence in an organization. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 327-343.

15.

Burke R. J. and D. L. Nelson (Eds.). (2002). Advancing Women's Careers. Oxford: Blackwell.

16.

Byrne, D. and J. H. Neuman. (1992). The implications of attraction research for organizational issues. In K. Kelley (Ed.), Issues, Theory, and Research in Industrial/ Organizational Psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

17.

Davidson, M. J. and R. J. Burke. (2000). Women in Management: Current Research Issues, Vol. II. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

18.

Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

19.

Ezell, H. F., C. A. Odewahn, and J. D. Sherman. (1981). The effects of having been supervised by a woman on perceptions of female managerial competence. Personnel Psychology 34:291-299.

20.

Fagenson, E. A. (1990). At the Heart of Women in Management Research: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches and their Biases. Journal of Business Ethics 9: 267-74

21.

Goldin, C. 1990. Understanding the Gender Gap. New York: Oxford University Press.

22.

International Labor Organization (ILO). (1997). Economically Active Population, 1950-2010, Vol. II-V. Geneva: ILO.

23.

Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.

24.

Kruse, L. and M. Wintermantel. (1986). Leadership Ms.-qualified: The gender bias in everyday and scientific thinking. Pp.171-197 in C. E. Graumann and S. Moscovici (Eds.), Changing Conceptions of Leadership. New York: Springer-Verlag.

25.

Nidiffer, J. (2001). New Leadership for a New Century: Women's Contribution to Leadership in Higher Education. Pp.101-131 in J. Nideffer & C. T. Bashaw (Eds.), Women Administrators in Higher Education: Historical and Contemporary Perspecties. Albany: SUNY Press.

26.

Pearson, J. C. and D. M. Serafini. (1984). Leadership behavior and sex role socialization: Two sides of the same coin. Southern Speech Communication Journal 49: 396-405.

27.

Powell, G. N. (1993). Women and Men in Management, 2nd ed. Newbury Park, Calif.: SAGE Publications.

28.

Ragins, B. R. (1999). Gender and mentoring relationships: A review and research agenda for the next decade. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of Gender and Work. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

29.

Reskin, B. F. and H. I. Hartman. (1986). Women's Work, Men's Work: Sex Segregation on the Job. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

30.

Sherman, J. D., H. F. Ezell, C. A. Odewahn. (1987). Centralization of decision making and accountability based on gender. Group Organization Studies 12:454-463.

31.

Stevens, G. and S. Gardner. (1987). But can she command a ship? Acceptance of women by peers at the coast guard academy. Sex Roles 16:181-188.

32.

Van Velsor, E. (1987). Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Can Women Make it to the Top in America's Largest Corporations? Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.

33.

Wirth, L. (2001). Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management. Geneva: ILO.

The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology