The purpose of this study was to examine the variables that had effects on ego-identity of middle-aged women. The participants were 755 middle-aged women whose age was from 40 to 60 years old. The instruments used in the study were the assessments of ego-identity, depression, the sense of crisis, self-differentiation, social support, internal family systems and the questionnaire of demographic variables. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, Multiple Regression, and Path-Analysis. The findings of the first stage were as follows: 1)Predictors of ego-identity of the middle-aged women ordered internal family systems, social support, self-differentiation, depression, and the sense of crisis; 2)social support, internal family systems, self-differentiation and depression had direct effects on ego-identity of middle-aged women. The sense of crisis did not directly influence ego-identity. Based on these findings, the recommendations for the future research in this area were discussed.
It was reported that female patients diagnosed with alcohol dependency had more severe psychopathy and psychological problems than male patients diagnosed with alcohol dependency. It was also reported that psychological characteristics of women alcoholics varied between young adult and middle age women and it is clinically identified that young women alcoholics have obvious characteristics than middle or old age. Based on our research there has not been any empirical research or studies performed on identifying psychological characteristics of female alcoholics in korea according to age. Therefore the purpose of this study was to explore the psychological characteristics of female patients diagnosed with alcohol dependency in korea according to age. Our study involved 171 korean women diagnosed with alcohol dependency by means of the DSM-Ⅳ. Psychological methods used were Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Beck's Depression Inventory and Beck's Anxiety Inventory. We analyized the 13 subscales, MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale, and 15 version of korean contents scales in MMPI. Our study showed that the scores of Lie scale and Psychopathic Deviate scale in MMPI were significantly different by age, Depression scale and Hypomania scale in MMPI were not significantly different but some different tendency by age. As a result, the scores of Anger scale and Antisocial practice scale in MMPI contents scale were significantly different by age, Low self-esteem scale and Family problem scale in MMPI contents scale were not significantly different but some different tendency by age. Finally, the clinical meanings and limitations of this study were discussed.
The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between social role and self-construction and between social role and life satisfaction through everydaylife slf-recoding data. A total of 38 middle-aged women was particiapted in this study. They were asked to report their everyday lives according to time, place, activity, role-definition, relationship, and satisfaction. The results showed that working women were conducting more roles than housewives. However, there were no significant differences of life satisfaction between working women and housewives and bewteen 40s and 50s. More specifically, 40s working women dissatisfied with their housework, whereas they were satistified with their work. This result indicated that working women were likely to have a burden of caring and nurturing their family members as well as working at working place. However, they reported that they satistified with family members to have dinner and watch TV after work. Regardless of their ages, most middle-aged women tended to have their own time for leasure, physical training, and reading in order to develop and integrate their own identities. Thus, well-defined identities were associated with well-being for women.
This research aims at examining (1) how behavioral affective expressions change over time, (2) how those expressions are related to romantic love, relational trustworthiness and satisfaction, and personality, and (3) if there are gender differences in those variables concerned. For those purposes, data are collected from 333 undergraduates who have experienced at least one time romantic relationship. Results indicated that behavioral affective expressions did not change over time and yet three components of the triangular theory of love and relational satisfaction had positive correlations with the period of romantic relations. Also, behavioral affective expressions had positive correlations with the three components of love, relational trustworthiness and satisfaction, and extroversion of personality traits. Finally, there were gender differences in some of affective expressions and personality traits. Those findings were discussed in terms of developmental characteristics of participants and theories and empirical findings of relational changes and stabilities.
In the present study, we investigated the relationship of mindfulness, marital satisfaction which is index of the quality of the marital relationship, and marital communication patterns which are signifacant interactional variable in couples. Research Participants were 186 married woman, who were in thirties and forties. First, the correlation analysis result is as follows. 4 sub-factors of mindfulness, that is present awareness, concentration, non-judgemental acceptance and de-centered attention are positively correlated with positive communication pattern and marital satisfaction. And they are negatively correlated with negative communication patterns. Second, the mediating model analysis result is as follows. Partially mediating model was supported. That is, there was a significant effect from mindfulness to marital communication pattern, and also a significant effect from marital communication pattern to marital satisfaction. Suggestions for future studies and for marital counseling in married woman were made.
This study shows the changes of female Air Force officers' attitudes to sex role over ten years. The subject is 18 female officers who entered the Air Force Academy in 1997, the first year of sex-integrated education. Sex role attitudes are measured in the three areas of traditional sex role identity, attitudes toward women managers and military women. The surveys are conducted in 1997, 1999, 2001 and 2007. Two control groups are selected: 40 male officers of the same class of the subject group for the longitudinal analysis, and 204 cadets for the cross sectional comparison. The results are as follows. First, the female and male Air Force officers show increasingly progressive attitudes toward sex role compared to their attitudes they had when they were cadets. Second, the progressive level of female officers' attitudes toward sex role shows changes. The level decreases in 1999 and increases in 2007 almost to the initial level of 1997. Third, the female pilot officers show more progressive attitudes toward sex role than male pilot officers and male and female non-pilot officers although the statistics do not show significant level. Fourth, the sex role attitudes between the officers and the cadets are not significantly different. Fifth, the gender difference exists in the sex role attitudes all through the ten years. The results are discussed in terms of sex-integrated education, gender-related issues and empowerment of female leaders in the military.
The purpose of this study was to test several hypotheses emanating from social cognitive career theory in Korea. Participants completed a survey packet containing measurement of gender role identity, artistic self-efficacy, artistic interests, external career barriers, and the choice of artistic majors. Findings indicated partial support for the hypotheses that self-efficacy predict interest, and that interest mediate the relations of self-efficacy to the choice of artistic major. However, the expected model was varied somewhat across sex. In addition, contrary to SCCT model, artistic interest also predict artistic self-efficacy though the model fit was lower than SCCT model. Based on these findings, the limitations and implications of this study were discussed.
The goal of this study was to investigate the psychological process of internalization of social value about plastic surgery by the analysis of social discourse and personal narrative through FGI and interview. A total of 10 university students was participated at FGI and 46 students was interviewed. The results indicated that there was the social representation of plastic surgery in the Maum of students. In case of having plastic surgery, they reported that even though there was social stereotype of plastic surgery, they'd like to have that by means of psycho-social function of that. For example, they were conscious of social approval and benefit for job opportunity in terms of plasitc surgery. It was implied that plastic syndrome was the product of social interaction. University students, especially female students, were more likely to pursue the socialized beauty and body in comparison with male students.