Parental Emotional Bond and Adult Attachment: The Mediating Role of Ego-Resiliency and Psychological Separation
Abstract
This study investigated the mediating role of ego-resiliency and psychological separation from parents in the relationship between parental emotional bond and insecure adult attachment. Differences between marital status and presence of children on key variables were also analysed. The results, based on survey responses from 278 women in their late 20's and 30's indicated a significant mediating effect of ego-resiliency and psychological independence from parental ties in the relationship between the emotional bond with both father and mother and insecure adult attachment. The findings have implications for counseling practice with female clients in their early adulthood, who report difficulties in intimate relationships with their romantic partners and have a history of problematic parent-child relationship. Interventions intending to improve self-confidence, efficiency of personal relations, optimism and anger management skills as well as maintain psychological distance from conflicts with parents may be effective strategies to implement. Additional findings indicated that married women in the study had a lower level of insecure adult attachment, particularly, anxious attachment, compared to single women. Married women with children had a higher level of attachment avoidance compared to women without children. Whether marital status helps with decreasing attachment anxiety or whether having children contributes to increasing uneasiness about expressing intimacy or dependency on their husbands needs to be explored. Suggestions for future studies include if marriage and child-rearing affect the activation and mentalization of attachment related cognition and emotions among women.
- keywords
- 부모유대, 성인애착, 자아탄력성, 부모로부터의 심리적 독립, 이성관계, Parental Emotional Bond, Ego-Resiliency, Psychological Separation, Adult Attachment
Reference
강진경 (2001). 아동의 부모에 대한 내적 표상, 청소년기 자아 개념, 성인기 낭만적 애착에 대한 구조방정식 모형. 한국심리학회지: 발달. 14(3), 1-24.
권혜진 (2006). 학령기 아동의 어머니표상 및 자아탄력성과 대인스트레스. 인간발달연구. 13(4), 17-32.
김영혜, 이지연, 김낭영 (2009). 부모애착과 청소년의 걱정과의 관계에서 낙관성의 매개효과 검증. 아동교육. 18(2), 91-104.
노유진, 박정윤, 김양희 (2006). 성인 애착유형과 미혼남녀의 사랑유형 및 이성교제의 관계. 대한가정학회지. 44(12). 31-42
송순, 박효인 (2006). 대학생의 부모-자녀 관계와 심리적 독립에 대한 연구. 부모교육연구. 3(2), 5-25.
신미 (2006). 부와 모에 대한 애착과 심리적 독립 및 여대생의 성인애착. 숙명여자대학교 석사학위 논문.
신지은, 방희정, 윤진영 (2009). 애착과 대인관계: 여대생 부모애착의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 여성. 14(3), 347- 363.
안명희 (2010). 어머니의 불안정 성인애착이 자녀의 문제행동에 미치는 영향: 어머니의 정서와 심리적 통제의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 일반. 29(4), 867-886.
양수진 (2010). 대학생의 부모애착이 성인애착에 미치는 영향: 자아분화와 자아탄력성의 매개효과. 성신여자대학교 석사학위 논문.
이경성, 한덕웅 (2003). 결혼적응검사의 개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강. 8(3), 679-705.
이미리 (2009). 청소년기 분노정서 경험의 발달과 자아존중감, 부모, 친구, 학업, 여가 맥락의 영향. 청소년복지연구. 11(2), 127 -143.
이선미, 전귀연 (2005). 결혼초기 남편과 아내가 인지한 갈등대처방식의 상호작용패턴이 결혼만족도에 미치는 영향. 대한가정학회지. 43(7). 93-107.
이수현, 최해림 (2007). 고등학생이 지각한 부모의 학습관여 형태, 자아탄력성, 시험불안 및 학교적응의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료. 19(2), 321-337.
이윤영, 전효정 (2009). 대학생이 지각한 부모양육태도, 성인애착유형과 사랑유형. 한국가족관계학회지. 14(2), 99-121.
이은미, 박인전 (2002). 부모-자녀 유대관계와 아동의 자아탄력성과의 관계. 한국가족복지학. 7(1), 3-24.
이지연, 임성문 (2006). 성인애착과 대학생의 우울과의 관계: 낙관성과 비관성의 매개효과. 상담학연구. 7(4), 969-984.
장경문 (2003). 자아탄력성과 스트레스대처방식 및 심리적 성장환경의 관계. 청소년학연구. 10(4), 143-161.
장진아, 신희천 (2006). 부부갈등이 청소년 자녀의 부적응에 미치는 영향: 자아탄력성, 부모 양육태도, 사회적 지지의 매개과정. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료. 18(3), 569-592.
장휘숙, 이영주 (2007). 애착과 의사소통 능력 및 결혼관계 만족의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달. 20(4). 17-32.
정애리, 유순화 (2008). 고등학생이 지각한 스트레스와 자아탄력성이 대인관계문제에 미치는 영향. 교육연구. 18(1), 139-160.
정윤경 (2004). 부부갈등이 성인초기 자녀의 이성과의 친밀감에 미치는 영향: 심리적 독립과 자기개방의 조절효과를 중심으로. 연세대학교 사회복지대학원 석사학위논문.
정윤경, 김재엽 (2005). 부부갈등이 성인초기 미혼 자녀의 이성과의 친밀감 위험과 성행동에 미치는 영향. 한국사회복지조사연구. 12. 70-103.
조영주, 최해림 (2001). 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독립과 성인애착의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료. 13(2), 71-91.
조화진, 서영석 (2010). 부모애착, 분리-개별화, 성인애착, 대학생활적응, 심리적 디스트레스의 관계 -대학신입생을 대상으로-. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료. 22(2), 385- 411.
허정선, 현명호 (2005). 가족의 애착, 귀인양식 및 자아탄력성과 표출정서의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상. 24(1), 37-51.
Baldwin, M. W., Keelan, J. P. R., Fehr, B., Enns, V., & Koh-Rangarajoo, E. (1996). Social cognitive conceptualization of attachment working models: Availability and accessibility effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 71, 94-109.
Barnett, C., & Yu-Chu, Shen (1997). Gender, High and Low-Schedule-Control Housework Tasks, and Psychological Distress: A Study of Dual-Earner Couples. Journal of Family Issues. 18, 403-428.
Berman, W. H., & Sperling, M. B. (1994). The structure and function of adult attachment In M. B. Sperling & W. W., Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adult. (p.3-28). New York: ther Guiford Press.
Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins(ED.), The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 13, pp.39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70(2), 349-361.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
Cassidy, J. (2001). Truth, Lies and intimacy: An attachment perpective. Attachment and human Development, 3, 121-155.
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed.). New York: Guildford Press.
Cook, W. L. (2000). Understanding attachment security in family context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 78, 285-294.
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E., & Target, M.(2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press.
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory Analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 78, 350-365.
Herman-Stahl, M., & Petersen, A. C (1996). The protective role of coping and social resources for depressive symtems among young adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 649-665.
Hoffman, J. A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescent from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 170-178.
Hoffman, J. A., & Weisse, B. (1987). Family dynamics and presenting problems in college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 157-163.
Josselson, R. (1988). The Embedded Self: I and Thou Revisited. In Lapsley, D, K., & Power, F. c. (des.), Self, Ego and Identity: Integrative Approaches. New York: Spronger-Verlag.
Kerns, K. A., & Steven, A. C. (1996). Parent-child attachment in adolescence: Links to social relations and personality. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 323-342.
Kobak, R., & Cole, H. (1994). Attachment and meta-monitoring: Implications for adolesent autonomy and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopath -ology: Disorders and Dysfunctions of the self. vol. 5, 267-297. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Lapsley, D. K., & Edgerton, J. (2002). Separation-individualization, adult attachment style, and college adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80, 484-495.
Lewis, M., Feiring, C., Rosenthal, S. (2000). Attachment over time. Child Development, 71, 707-720.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Adult attachment and affect regulation. in J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver(Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications 503-531. New York: Guilford.
Mikculincer, M., & Shaver, P., Cassidy, J., & Berant (2009). Attachment-related defensive processes in Obegi, J. H. & Beranrm E. (eds.) Attachment theory and clinical work with adults, 293-327. New York: Guilford Press.
Miller, Patricia, H., (2002). Theories of developmental pscychology, 4th ed, New York: W. H. Freeman.
Overbeek, G., Vollebergh, W., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Meeus, W. (2003). Parental Attachment and Romantic Relationships: Associations With Emotional Disturbance During Late Adolescence. Journal of counseling psychology, 50(1), 28-39.
Rice, K. G., Lopez, F. G., & Vergara, D. (2005). Parental/Social influences on Perfectionism and Adult Attachment Orientations. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 24(4), 580-605.
Rothbard, J. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Continuity of attachment across the life-span. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives 31-71. New York: Guildford press.
Sabatelli, R. M., & Bartle-Haring, S. (2003). Family of Origin Experiences and Adjustment in Married Couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 159-169.
Schone, B. S., & Weinick, R. M. (1998). Health-related behaviors and benefits of marriage for elderly persons. The Geronthologist, 38, 168-627.
Shaver, P. R, & Brennan, K. A. (1992). Attachment styles and the “Big Five” personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Bulletin, 18, 536-545.
Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E., & Schulman, S. (1993). Individuals in relationships: Development from infancy through adolescence. In D. C. Funderm R. D. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey, & K.
Story, T. N., Berg, C. A, Smith, T. W., Beveridge, R., Henry, N. J. M, & Pearce, G. (2007). Age, marital satisfaction, and optimism as predictors of positive sentiment override in middle-aged and older marred couples. Psychology and aging, 22(4), 719-727.
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wallin, D. (2010). 애착과 심리치료 (김진숙 외 역). 서울, 학지사. (2007년 원저 출판).
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations