The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences on social-psychological characteristics of adolescents having experienced prostitution. Seventy-two adolescents with prostitution experiences and 72 adolescents without such experiences of total 6,622 middle and high school students participated in this study. Subjects completed ABAS-S, the scale consisted of ten problem behaviors and nine critical counseling problems of adolescents. Results showed revealed were as follow. First, the results of 2 way ANOVA, compared to adolescents with prostitution experiences were found to have more difficulties in such 17 variables as internet addiction, eating problem, career problem, family relations problem, teacher relations problem, peer relations problem, bullying victims experience, aggressive behavior, bullying bullies experience, runaway, status delinquency, criminal delinquency, drug use, sexual violence, pregnancy, abortion, violance/abuse victims experience than those without prostitution experiences. Also, there was 2 way interaction effect of prostitution experience × gender group in 7 variables - internet addiction, learning problem, family relations problem, status delinquency, criminal delinquency, playing truant, runaway, abortion. Second, the results of a stepwise regression analyses, of 10 behavior problems, predicting variables influence on prostitution experience showed 2 variables(R^2=.63). In that, the biggest influence on prostitution experience was criminal delinquency, followed by status delinquency. Also, the results of a stepwise regression analyses, of 9 critical counseling problems, predicting variables influence on prostitution experience showed 3 variables(R^2=.47). In that, the biggest influence on prostitution experience was abortion, followed by pregnancy, bullying bullies experience. The results of this study suggest that these variables be addressed in planning intervention services for adolescents who have been engaged in prostitution.
This study was to recognize the influences of psychological violence experience by husbands on their wives' psychological symptoms and to verify the effects of cognitive variables which mediates that process. We assumed that psychological violence without physical violence could influence on psychological symptoms and wife's cognitive variables (e.g, dysfunctional attitude, positive & negative automatic thoughts) would mediate that process. To verify these hypotheses, structural equating method was administered. As the results, cognitive variables appeared to play a mediating role in the theoretical model which was proved statistically meaningful. The most valuable implication of this study is that the cognitive model could be applied to the influence of psychological violence. Especially, negative automatic thought did crucial role in the whole process. So, even though these restricted research findings, cognitive variables should be considered for the improvement of psychological difficulties of female victims. Finally, limitations of the study and the directions for future research were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of self-efficacy, perceived-fit, and intrinsic motivation on burnout of sexual counsel office staff. The survey had been carried out for 83 staff. The significant influencing factors on burnout were self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation The more they had self-efficacy, the less they were 3 dimension of burnout: emotional exhaustion, cynicism, inefficacy. The more they had intrinsic motivation, the less they were burnout. The more they had motivation. the less they were exhaustion, cynicism, inefficacy. Unexpectedly perceived-fit wasn’t related to the other 2 dimension of burnout: emotional exhaustion, cynicism. The more perceived-fit the less they were inefficacy. We discuss implications of these findings for researchers as well as for practitioners.
The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of women’s gender role attitudes on depression. We also studied self-esteem and family life satisfaction as mediating factors on depression. The data was from the National Welfare Panel Study of 2009 and the analyses were conducted on 3,791 women and 3,467 men aged from 20 to 59. Independent samples t-test and stepwise multiple regression analyses show significant gender differences on depression and gender role attitudes. Women score higher than men in depression and gender role attitudes. Those who have higher traditional gender role attitudes manifest higher score on depression. We also found out that self-esteem and family life satisfaction are the mediating factors for women’s depression. As a result, gender role attitudes demonstrate direct and indirect effects on depression through mediation of self-esteem and family life satisfaction. Clinical implications are discussed to consider women’s gender role attitudes, their self-esteem and family life satisfaction while consulting with depressed women.
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of health related quality of life on depressive symptoms in breast cancer patients. The 374 breast cancer patients were recruited and they were assessed on cancer related variables, sociodemographic variables, EORTC QLQ-BR23 and CES-D. The results showed as follows. First, there were significant correlations among depressive symptoms and all variables of health related quality of life including physical functioning and physical symptoms. Second, multiple regression analysis showed that all variables of the health related quality of life including body image, sexual functioning, sexual enjoyment, future perspective, arm symptoms, breast symptoms, side effects of systemic therapy, and upset by hair loss significantly predicted the increasing of depressive symptoms. Third, future perspective, breast symptoms, and side effects of systemic therapy significantly predicted of depressive mood, and body image significantly predicted loss of positive mood. Body image, future perspective, breast symptoms, and side effects of systemic therapy showed significant effects on interpersonal relationship. And future perspective, breast symptoms, and side effects of systemic therapy were significant predictors of physical deterioration. Finally it was discussed the important influences of the health related quality of life on the depressive symptoms in breast cancer patients and the future directions of psychological intervention for the breast cancer patients.
There are not a few psychological factors influencing depression and research has been continuously making headway in this area. Among such factors, perfectionism is deemed to be an important character variable vulnerable to depression. Thus this research investigates how a perfectionist attitude influences depression and attempts to verify if self-elasticity mediates the impact of perfectionism on depression. The subjects were 330 adult females over age 20 who live in Seoul and its suburbs in Kyeongki and were asked to answer a questionnaire comprising 45 items regarding perfectionism, 37 on self-elasticity, and 20 on depression. Results showed that all of the sub-variables of perfectionism, self-orientation, others- orientation, and social orientation, had effects on depression. There were also found to exist a mediating effect of self-elasticity on the relationships. In conclusion, perfectionism was shown to be a variable increasing depression, but the effect was significantly mediated by a change in self-elasticity. This implies that it is important to decrease perfectionism in order to decrease depression, but increasing self-elasticity can also be an effective way of decreasing depression. There were a few limitations in this research which should be addressed.
The purpose of this study were to develop the Marital Affection Behavior Scale(MABS) and to validate the scale. The preliminary study for selecting items was executed. And 64 preliminary items were selected. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were executed to 145 married men and 241 married women who were from 20s to 50s. The results were as follows. First, 43 items were selected. The results of factor analysis for 43 items indicated the existence of eight factors, explaining 52.27 percent of total variance. 8 factors were affection expression, supporting and caring, affection trust, withdrawal, avoidance of sexual relationship, aggressive behavior, demanding behavior, and control. Second, the reliabilities of 8 factors ranged from .64 to .89. Third, MABS correlated significantly with MAI(marital satisfaction inventory), and TSL(Triangel Scale of Love). Forth, their own MABS correlated significantly with their spouse's MAI and TSL, except avoidance of sexual relationship and control. The results suggested that the MABS was an useful instrument to assess marital relationship behaviors. The advantages and limits of MABS was discussed.
On the basis of the objectification theory and extant literature, the present study examined whether interpersonal sexual objectification experiences influence female workers' flow experience by way of internalization of standards of beauty and body surveillance. Participants were 252 Korean female workers at eight regional companies in South Korea. Overall, the present findings indicate that female workers who experience more sexual objectification in interpersonal situations are more likely to internalize the sociocultural standards of ideal appearance and monitor their body, which leads to impede their flow experience at work. Given that the link between interpersonal sexual objectification and work-flow was fully mediated by internalization and body surveillance, educational and counseling interventions should be focused on the two mediators. Implications and suggestions for practice and future research are discussed.
This study was conducted to investigate gender difference in the degree of appreciation experience and it's expressiveness. For this, employees were asked to record how they feel appreciation in 4 thankful situations(cost to the benefactor: high/low cost × familiarity with the benefactor: stranger/familiar person), and how and how much they express their thankful emotion. The data of 280 university students(male: 164, female: 116) was analyzed. The results were as follows. Firstly, employees were more likely to feel thankful in high cost condition and stranger condition. Secondly, male was more express appreciation in terms of material compensation than female. Thirdly, while female more highly express their appreciation by nonverbal communication, male more highly use ‘no-expression’ in the high cost/familiar condition. Finally, in the high cost/familiar condition, male scored significantly lower than female on the degree of appreciation. Moreover male was less likely to express their thankful emotion than female.
This paper examines gender differences in creative thinking ability and creative disposition, creative products and creative self-efficacy. 234 subjects of college students performs target creative tests associated with the different types of creativity and analyzes the differences between the groups. Based on the analysis, the female group shows higher score than the male group in the aspect of flexibility that is a sub-dimension of creativity and cognitive abilities, but the male group has higher scores in the creativity affective characteristic and the creative self-efficacy. On the activity and knowledge test of the creative domain, the female group has higher scores in the area of the art but the male group shows higher scores in the area of the invention. Interestingly, the two groups do not show any significant difference in the real creative achievement related to the creative product assessments. Although the female group tends to score no less capacity than the male group in the divergent thinking ability and the actual product/performance related to the creative ability, in summary, the analysis indicates that the male group is significantly higher for creative disposition and creativity self-reported tests. The study performs a stepwise multiple linear regression on the creative efficacy to investigate the gender difference on the self-efficacy of creative performance and creative achievement for the students in South Korea. The result of multiple regression analyses demonstrates three common variables to predict creative self-efficacy: creative thinking style, interesting/observation, creative activities related to art. The analysis shows the gender differences, in that in addition to those three variables the male group considers the creative personality in but the female group considers the creative activities related to science and the creative product. In other words, the female group judges the creative ability on the basis of more elements and considers the actual result of the experience and knowledge rather than its personality characteristics. To develop creative talents and creativity, it is required to promote a variety of programs and educational efforts for both male and female students. In particular, it is necessary to extend the access opportunity of the science-related activities and experiences for enhancing the self-efficacy of female students.