바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
 

logo

한국의 젊은 성인에서 언어능력과 공간능력의 성차

Sex Differences in Verbal and Spatial Ability among Korean Young Adults

초록

본 연구의 목적은 한국의 젊은 성인에서 언어능력이나 공간능력의 성차가 있는지, 그리고 만약 있다면 어느 정도 크기인지를 살펴보는 것이었다. 연구 대상은 204명의 젊은 성인(남성 106명, 여성 98명)이었다. 언어능력을 측정하는 도구로는 단어유창성과 어휘문제를 사용하였고, 공간능력을 측정하는 도구로는 심적회전검사와 토막짜기를 사용하였다. 언어능력이나 공간능력의 성차를 신장의 성차와 크기 면에서 비교하기 위하여 모든 참여자의 신장도 측정하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 언어성 검사의 결과를 보면, 단어유창성과 어휘문제 모두에서 여성이 남성보다 유의하게 우세하였다. 성차 크기는 단어유창성이 d=-0.27, 어휘문제가 d=-0.24로 신장의 d=-2.51에 비해 약 10분의 1 수준이었다. 둘째, 공간성 검사의 결과를 보면, 심적회전검사에서는 남성이 여성보다 유의하게 높았지만, 토막짜기에서는 유의한 성차가 없었다. 심적회전검사의 성차 크기는 d=1.35로 신장의 성차 크기에 비해 2분의 1을 상회하였다. 결론적으로, 단어유창성과 어휘문제에 필요한 언어능력의 성차는 비교적 작으므로 과학적 연구의 대상은 되지만 실제적 중요성은 상대적으로 낮은 편이다. 반면에 심적회전에 필요한 공간능력의 성차는 상당히 크므로 과학적 관심뿐 아니라 현실적 중요성도 상대적으로 높은 편이다.

keywords
성차, 언어능력, 공간능력, 심적회전, sex difference, verbal ability, spatial ability, mental rotation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate whether and to what extent Korean young men and women differ in their verbal and spatial ability. To this end, 204 Korean adults (106 men, 98 women) were tested on two verbal tests, Word Fluency and Vocabulary, and two spatial tests, Mental Rotation and Block Design. The height of each participant was also measured to compare the magnitude of sex differences in verbal and spatial ability to that of height. The main results were as follows. First, Korean young women were superior to their male counterparts in both verbal tests. The effect size for Word Fluency was d=-0.27 and that for Vocabulary was d=-0.24, approximately amounting to 1/10 of the effect size for height, d=2.51. Second, Korean young men were superior to their female counterparts in Mental Rotation but equal to them in Block Design. The effect size for Mental Rotation was d=1.35, slightly exceeding 1/2 of the effect size for height. In conclusion, sex differences in verbal ability, probed by Word Fluency or Vocabulary, are relatively small and thus may be of scientific, but not necessarily practical, significance. In contrast, sex differences in spatial ability, probed by Mental Rotation, is relatively large and thus, may be of both scientific and practical significance.

keywords
성차, 언어능력, 공간능력, 심적회전, sex difference, verbal ability, spatial ability, mental rotation

참고문헌

1.

김중술, 이용승, 이민식 (1994). K-WAIS의 단축형에 관한 연구. 정신의학, 19, 201-206.

2.

김홍근, 김용숙 (2015a). 관리기능(executive function)의 빠른 노화: 짝과제를 사용한검증. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 34, 375-396.

3.

김홍근, 김용숙 (2015b). 한국인의 기억기능:연령, 교육수준, 성별과의 관련성. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 34, 125-145.

4.

김홍근, 김용숙 (2016). 한국 아동 기억기능의성차. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 35, 45-60.

5.

박영숙, 염태호, 오경자, 김정규, 이영호 (1992). 지능에서의 性差에 관한 연구: K-WAIS 표준화 자료를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지:임상, 11, 11-21.

6.

염태호, 박영숙, 오경자, 김정규, 이영호 (1992). K-WAIS의 실시요강. 서울: 한국가이던스.

7.

주지은, 김아영 (2010). 공간능력과 공간검사문제풀이 방략 사용의 성차. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 15, 829-851.

8.

Benton, A. L. (1994). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: A clinical manual. New York: Oxford University Press.

9.

Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1987). The measurement of handedness. Brain and Cognition, 6, 175-183.

10.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.

11.

Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2013). The nature–nurture debates 25 years of challenges in understanding the psychology of gender. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 340-357.

12.

Halari, R., Sharma, T., Hines, M., Andrew, C., Simmons, A., & Kumari, V. (2006). Comparable fMRI activity with differential behavioural performance on mental rotation and overt verbal fluency tasks in healthy men and women. Experimental Brain Research, 169, 1-14.

13.

Halpern, D. F. (2013). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (4th ed.). New York: Psychology Press.

14.

Harris, J., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Newcombe, N. S. (2013). Understanding spatial transformations:Similarities and differences between mental rotation and mental folding. Cognitive Processing, 14, 105-115.

15.

Heil, M., Kavšek, M., Rolke, B., Beste, C., & Jansen, P. (2011). Mental rotation in female fraternal twins: Evidence for intra-uterine hormone transfer? Biological Psychology, 86, 90-93.

16.

Hines, M. (2010). Sex-related variation in human behavior and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 448-456.

17.

Hirnstein, M., Freund, N., & Hausmann, M. (2015). Gender stereotyping enhances verbal fluency performance in men (and women). Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 220, 70-77.

18.

Hyde, J. S. (1981). How large are cognitive gender differences? A meta-analysis using w²and d. American Psychologist, 36, 892-901.

19.

Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592.

20.

Hyde, J. S., & Linn, M. C. (1988). Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 53-69.

21.

Irwing, P. (2012). Sex differences in g: An analysis of the US standardization sample of the WAIS-III. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 126-131.

22.

Kramer, J. H., Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., O’Donnell, L., & Prifitera, A. (1997). Developmental sex differences in verbal learning. Neuropsychology, 11, 577-584.

23.

Krüger, J. K., & Suchan, B. (2016). You should be the specialist! Weak mental rotation performance in aviation security screenersreduced performance level in aviation security with no gender effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 7:333.

24.

Levine, S. C., Vasilyeva, M., Lourenco, S. F., Newcombe, N. S., & Huttenlocher, J. (2005). Socioeconomic status modifies the sex difference in spatial skill. Psychological Science, 16, 841-845.

25.

Lewin, C., Wolgers, G., & Herlitz, A. (2001). Sex differences favoring women in verbal but not in visuospatial episodic memory. Neuropsychology, 15, 165-173.

26.

Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 56, 1479-1498.

27.

Lippa, R. A., Collaer, M. L., & Peters, M. (2010). Sex differences in mental rotation and line angle judgments are positively associated with gender equality and economic development across 53 nations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 990-997.

28.

Lynn, R., & Dai, X.-Y. (1993). Sex differences on the Chinese standardization sample of the WAIS-R. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154, 459-463.

29.

Mann, V. A., Sasanuma, S., Sakuma, N., & Masaki, S. (1990). Sex differences in cognitive abilities: A cross-cultural perspective. Neuropsychologia, 28, 1063-1077.

30.

Miller, D. I., & Halpern, D. F. (2014). The new science of cognitive sex differences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 37-45.

31.

Moè, A., Meneghetti, C., & Cadinu, M. (2009). Women and mental rotation: Incremental theory and spatial strategy use enhance performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 187-191.

32.

Peters, M., Laeng, B., Latham, K., Jackson, M., Zaiyouna, R., & Richardson, C. (1995). A redrawn Vandenberg and Kuse mental rotations test-different versions and factors that affect performance. Brain and Cognition, 28, 39-58.

33.

Peters, M., Lehmann, W., Takahira, S., Takeuchi, Y., & Jordan, K. (2006). Mental rotation test performance in four cross-cultural samples (N=3367): Overall sex differences and the role of academic program in performance. Cortex, 42, 1005-1014.

34.

Puts, D. A., Cárdenas, R. A., Bailey, D. H., Burriss, R. P., Jordan, C. L., & Breedlove, S. M. (2010). Salivary testosterone does not predict mental rotation performance in men or women. Hormones and Behavior, 58, 282-289.

35.

Puts, D. A., McDaniel, M. A., Jordan, C. L., & Breedlove, S. M. (2008). Spatial ability and prenatal androgens: meta-analyses of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and digit ratio (2D: 4D)studies. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 100-111.

36.

Reilly, D. (2012). Gender, culture, and sex-typed cognitive abilities. PLoS ONE, 7, e39904.

37.

Snow, W. G., & Weinstock, J. (1990). Sex differences among non-brain-damaged adults on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales: A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 873-886.

38.

Sommer, I. E., Aleman, A., Bouma, A., & Kahn, R. S. (2004). Do women really have more bilateral language representation than men? A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Brain, 127, 1845-1852.

39.

Springer, S. P., & Deutsch, G. (1998). Left brain, right brain: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. New York: WH Freeman & Co.

40.

Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C. (2013). Sex differences in mathematics and reading achievement are inversely related: Within-and across-nation assessment of 10 years of PISA data. PLoS ONE, 8, e57988.

41.

Van Der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., & Jolles, J. (2005). Rey’s verbal learning test: Normative data for 1855healthy participants aged 24-81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 290-302.

42.

Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978). Mental rotations, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47, 599-604

43.

Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 250-270.

44.

Vuoksimaa, E., Kaprio, J., Kremen, W. S., Hokkanen, L., Viken, R. J., Tuulio- Henriksson, A., & Rose, R. J. (2010). Having a male co-twin masculinizes mental rotation performance in females. Psychological Science, 21, 1069-1071.

45.

Willems, R. M., Van der Haegen, L., Fisher, S. E., & Francks, C. (2014). On the other hand:including left-handers in cognitive neuroscience and neurogenetics. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15 193-201.

logo