This study compares parent-child interactions of single mothers with those of typical mothers raising children at the stage of infants and toddlers. Subjects were ten families of single mothers living in two homes for single mothers and their children who participated in a program to support single parent families. The control group included ten typical families of mothers at the same age level of the single mothers who had children at the stage of infants and toddlers. Mental health of the mothers were measured by CESD-10 for depression and STAI for anxiety. Parenting variables were checked by the K-PSI and mother-child interactions were measured by a mother –child interaction assessment tool. Mothers’ atypical behaviors were measured and classified by AMBIENCE. It was found that children of single mother showed higher levels of avoidance and resistance in interactions with their mother and lower levels of positive emotion and pursuit of interest than children of the typical mothers. The single mothers showed higher levels of invasion, resignation, and anciety and lower levels of participation, sensitivity, and positive emotion in interactions with their children than the typical mothers. The single mother showed higher levels of difficulty in mother-child intervention and stress control of children. In terms of intonation and emotional tones in language expression by mothers to their children, the single mother spoke to their children as if they were talking to adults, talked to their children infrequently, and used monotonous intonation. The single mothers also showed threatining attitude toward their children and failed to use cozy intonation and make response to their children’s signals properly. They were more negative and invasive physically and verbally and showed higher levels of behaviors of taking things from their children and keeping distance from their children than the typical mothers.
As the number of sexual violence victims rapidly increases in Korea, practitioners working for the victims are more exposed to victims’ trauma. As a result, practitioners are reported to suffer from secondary traumatic stress. However, there is a lack of nationwide representative study on the sexual violence support, and also there is little systematic study about various factors affecting their secondary traumatic stress. By analyzing the data of employee survey data of “Preliminary study on the expert training program of individualized support of treatment & recovery for sexual violence victims”(N=482) conducted for all the sexual assault support agencies nationwide, this exploratory study investigated socio-demographic, work-related, and training-related factors affecting secondary traumatic stress experienced by the practitioners. The results show that, higher level of job stress was associated with higher level of secondary traumatic stress among those providing counseling service as for the job-related factor. As for training-related factors, while there was no statistical relationship with educational training such as seminars and lectures, case studies and supervisions are statistically significantly associated with lower level of secondary traumatic stress. These findings suggest that services for reducing job stress and case-centered training are needed for counseling practitioners. Based on these findings, institional approaches are suggested for protecting practitioners working for sexual assault victims from secondary traumatic stress and for reducing secondary traumatic stress.
This study attempts to realize and understand in depth on the issue of career path appealed by female college students, who are on the time of searching for their career path. In previous studies, narcissism is the ongoing major factor in the achievement-oriented culture of modern society. The narcissism classified into Overt narcissism and Covert narcissism according to its aspect and internalized shame as well as dysfuntional career thoughts like perfectionism were meaningful intervening variable related to career. This study was conducted with narrative research method to look into experience by college students with covert narcissism on the process of choosing career path as well as to understand the meaning of the experience. In the light of this, career counselling was conducted for three of college students. As a result of the narrative analysis, the participants of the study frequently talked about perfectionism, shame, and vague frustration when choosing career path. Especially, there were various themes such as ‘perfection’, ‘unstable goal’, ‘emptiness’, ‘seeking for recognition’, ‘anxiety about performance of inferiority’, ‘low self-esteem’. For them, career counseling is a process of overcoming optimal frustration, which means recognizing realistic self and supporting process of career decision to step forward. This study will be used as a basic data for deeper understanding of the cognitive and emotional aspects of covert narcissistic tendency in understanding the career problems of female college students.
TThe purpose of this study is to investigate the predictive factors to Dating Violence. To Investigate the mediating effect of Aggression in the relationship between Rejection Sensitivity, Gender asymmetry and Dating Violence. To do this, conducted a questionnaire on 610 people who 19 years older adult and had of have the romantic relationship. A total of 569 data were used as the final analysis data, exculding 41 data (22 offline and 19 online) that were not responded to or answered inappropriately. The collected data confirmed the significance of the structural equation modeling. The result of this study showed that Rejection Sensitivity, Gender asymmetry did not have direct effects on Dating Violence. but only indirect effects of Aggression on Dating Violence were statistically significant. And, this paper ends with a discussion on the significance and limits of this study as well as future directions of subsequent studies.
The purpose of this study was to the examine the relationship among parent-child communication, adult attachment, self-esteem and sexual assertiveness of college students using a path model. A total of 680 college students who were enrolled in the local universities located in Busan, Daegu and Kyungsangbuk-do participated in this study. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and structured equation modeling. Result of this study showed that self-esteem among the three factors –parent-child communication, adult attachment, and self-esteem was found to have significant direct effect on sexual assertiveness. Self-esteem was confirmed as a complete mediator between parent-child communication and sexual assertiveness as well as in the relationship between adult attachment and sexual assertiveness. Parent-child communication had significant indirect effect on sexual assertiveness, while adult attachment and self-esteem mediated the relationship between parent-child communication and sexual assertiveness. Adult attachment was also found to have significant indirect effect on sexual assertiveness, while self-esteem mediated the relationship between adult attachment and sexual assertiveness. Implications for dating violence prevention programs were provided based on the result of this study. Lastly, limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were provided.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the promotive effect of work-family conflict of married workers on proactive career behaviors, different from the previous research that has studied negative effects of the conflict on job attitude or behaviors. Also it tested moderation effects of performance evaluation justice and gender difference, provided that organizational efforts to ameliorate work-family conflict has actually not been working as much as expected due to workers' worry of unfavorable evaluation and the unbalanced gender role. The study conducted a survey research gathering data from 257 married workers, and analyzed the data using multiple regression analyses. The results showed that work-family conflict has a positive effect on proactive career behavior, and that performance evaluation justice has a moderation effect on the relationships between work-family conflict and proactive career behavior. However, gender did not show a significant moderation effect. Based on the results and limitations, the study provided implications for future research and practice.
Postpartum depression can be a cause of serious social problems, beyond the psychological health of an individual or a family. However, it is often neglected because there is not enough social interest on the issue and people are not aware of the need for therapeutic intervention for the symptom. The objective of this study was to develop a program regarding how to psychologically support a spouse suffering from postpartum depression through husbands. This study evaluated the psychosocial experience of mothers, who were between six and eight months after childbirth and had a postpartum depression tendency, by using a qualitative method and identified the characteristics of them by comparing them with the control group. The subjects of this study were participants in Childhood Asthma and Allergic Diseases Cohort Study (COCOA), an on-going study in the Obstetrics and Gynecology of five general hospitals. The treatment group was composed of eight husbands, whose wives had EPDS over 13 points (mean=16.5 and SD=2.7), and the control group had six husbands, whose wives had 4 points and less (mean=1.8 and SD=0.8). Based on the analysis results of qualitative interview data, an integrated analysis was conducted with focusing on the theme, domain, and semantic category. First, the results of this study showed that the growth background of husbands was a factor determining how a husband responded to the stress of a wife sensitively. Secondly, the husbands of mothers with postpartum depression tendency tended to feel burdened more to support the family financially and be a good father because of the ill-prepared pregnancy and childbirth. However, they worried about the health of their children and wanted to nurture them well. Moreover, they wanted to spend more time together. They pointed out the reality that they had to emphasize their jobs and they believed that their wives’ postpartum depression would be improved if they helped their wives and reared children together. Additionally, they wanted to receive parenting coaching, education, and couples counseling, which indicated that they were looking for professional help to improve the postpartum depression.
Anxiety is common psychological state for human being. But it can lead to pathological anxiety if it is uncontrollable or excessive. Examining variables known to affect anxiety and figuring out the mechanism is crucial to understand anxiety disorders. This study was aimed to examine effects of maladaptive perfectionism, interpretation bias for ambiguity, and cognitive avoidance on anxiety level. The total of 367 college students who completed the self-report questionnaires on maladaptive perfectionism, interpretational bias for ambiguity, cognitive avoidance, and state anxiety were included. The data were analyzed using SPSS Macro method by Hayes(2012). The results indicated double partial mediation effect of relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and state anxiety was statistically significant. These findings suggest that interpretation bias for ambiguity and maladaptive perfectionism may be promising targets for early intervention of anxiety. The implications and limitations were discussed along with some suggestions for the future studies.
Applying the concept of microaggression (widely used in multicultural psychology and counseling literature), the purpose of this study was to 1) develop and validate the Microaggression against Women Scale in the Workplace (MAWS) and 2) test whether a belief in a just world-self (BJW-self) would mediate the relationship between sexism experience in the workplace and depression. In study 1, based on the results of surveys and focus groups, we developed items for MAWS and conducted the exploratory factor analysis. Study 2 tested the construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis, and the results confirmed the 1-factor structure identified via exploratory factor analysis. Convergent and concurrent validities were also examined via correlations with measures of sexism experience, Hwa-byung, and depression. Lastly, study 3 suggested that BJW-self partially mediated the association between sexism experience and depression. We discussed ways to use MAWS and interventions related to BJW-self in clinical settings.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between emotional labor(surface acting, deep acting) and turnover intention, focusing on a mediating effect of job attitude(burnout, work engagement). In addition, the moderating role of gender is tested within the relationship between burnout and turnover intention. A total of 287 employees working at different fields in Korea participated in an on-line survey. The results indicated that emotional labor had influence on job attitude. Specifically, surface acting was correlated positively with burnout and negatively with work engagement, while deep acting was correlated negatively with burnout and positively with work engagement. Burnout fully mediated the relationship between surface acting and turnover intention. Work engagement, on the other hand, did not predict turnover intention. Moreover, the moderating role of gender was significant. Gender showed the moderating effect on relationship between job attitude and turnover intention. Finally, the implications and future research directions were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to explore middle - aged women who visited the counseling center with having main issue, graduating the marriage life. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 6 participants (4 main participants, 2 assistant participants) residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. This study conducted qualitative analysis through phenomenological research methods. Based on the 26 common semantic units experienced by four participants in the main study, eight components and two key meanings were extracted. The results of this study are as follows: First, the psychological phenomena common to the participants' statements were those who did not want divorce but did not want to live together. The second is that despite the desire of 'freedom', it does not want 'liberty given' or 'freedom to win on its own'. The third participant was the 'most economically independent', 'I can not get money from my husband if I get divorced', and 'I have a sick child' because of the biggest reason to choose julong. Finally, all participants thought that 'graduating the marriage life' was actually 'impossible'. The significance of this study is that it provided the information necessary for counseling intervention to the counselors who consulted them by understanding the phenomenon of thought and psychological nature of middle - aged women who wanted to graduating on the marriage life.
The purpose of this study is to explore middle - aged women who visited the counseling center with having main issue, graduating the marriage life. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 6 participants (4 main participants, 2 assistant participants) residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. This study conducted qualitative analysis through phenomenological research method. Based on the 26 common units experienced by four participants in the main study, it was extracted to eight components and two key meanings. The results of this study are as follows: First, participants of this study did not want divorce as well as did not want to live together. The second is that despite of wanting 'freedom', it does mean 'liberty given by spouse' not 'freedom to acquire oneself'. The third, that's why participant wanted 'marriage graduating' was 'I can not get money from my husband if I get divorced', I can't work anything, and 'I have children' Finally, all participants thought that it was actually 'impossible' to 'graduating the marriage life'. The significance of this study is to analyze the thought and psychological essence of middle - aged women who want to 'graduating on the marriage' and to search for the background of that in society. This study also provided direction information to counselors who counseled middle-aged women wanting to 'graduating on the marriage' how the counselors approach to them.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mindfulness and positive emotions on fetal attachment, and the mediating role of positive and negative fetal movement experiences (FME). A questionnaire survey was completed by 235 pregnant women living in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Chungju. Structural equation modeling results showed that mindfulness in pregnant women indirectly affects the fetal attachment through negative FME and positive emotion. Specifically, mindfulness influenced fetal attachment through negative FME and positive emotions. In addition, mindfulness affects positive FME by improving positive emotions, which has been shown to contribute to increased fetal attachment. Meanwhile, positive emotions improved fetal attachment by allowing pregnant women to perceive fetal movements more positively, and the direct path was significant. In addition, mindfulness was shown to positively affect fetal attachment through positive emotions and positive FME. In conclusion, mindfulness and positive emotions in pregnant women have positive effects on fetal attachment by improving FME. Strategies to increase mindfulness and positive emotions among pregnant women, limitations of the study, and directions for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the dyadic empathic scale, measuring empathy expressed in couples. Therefore, we developed Korean version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples(IRIC). Especially, to improve and complement original IRIC, we made both self-reported version and other-rating version of IRIC(IRICS & IRICO). So we could construct dyadic data and examine the actor effect as well as the partner effect in couples. Married or dating 295 couples(N=590) completed Korean self-reported and other-rating version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples(IRICS & IRICO) and other measures of relationship satisfaction and general empathy. As a results, a 2-factor structure and measurement invariance(between males and females & between married and dating group) of IRICS and IRICO was supported. Also, good convergent, discriminant, concurrent, and incremental validity as well as adequate internal consistency was showed. In conclusion, on the basis of above findings, the significance and limitation of this study were discussed and the future research direction was proposed.
This study aims to examine the mediating effect on the relationship between work-family conflict and depression of working mothers. For this purpose, surveys was conducted by 208 working mothers who raises at least one child who is an infant or an elementary school student and works more than 40 hours a week with using work-family conflict scale(WFC: Work-Family Conflict), mindfulness scale(MAAS: Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale), depression scale(CES-D: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). The Mplus 7.0 was used to analyze the structural model, and the result showed that the higher the work-family conflict is, the lower the level of mindfulness becomes and the more depressive symptoms exist. Also, the lower the level of mindfulness becomes, the more the depressive symptoms exist. Bootstrapping was used to verify the significance of the mediation effect and the partial mediation effect of mindfulness were observed in the relationship between work-family conflict and depression. The results of this study are meaningful in terms of providing basic knowledge for developing the intervention programs to deal with the aftermath of work-family conflict in counseling and educating working mothers.