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메뉴The purpose of this study is to verify the validity and reliability of Condon 's Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale(MAAS) to measure maternal fetal attachment. The subjects of this study were 854 pregnant women who participated in the education of pregnant women in Seoul and Gyeonggi. The collected data were analyzed using statistical program SPSS 23.0 and M-plus 7, and the factor structure, reliability, and validity were analyzed. The results of exploratory factor analysis of 401 pregnant women revealed that 15 items were composed of two factor structure(attachment quality, attachment intensity). The final 15 items were found to be good correlations between items and the reliability coefficient was .82. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis of 453 pregnant women showed that the two factor model and the item composition were found to be appropriate. Validity analysis showed that adult attachment and prenatal anxiety, prenatal depression, MFAS and MAAS had significant correlations, so criterion validity and concurrent validity were verified. Based on the results of this study, we discussed the application of the MAAS scale and implications for future research.
The purpose of this study is to verify the validity and reliability of Condon's Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale(MAAS) to measure maternal fetal attachment. The subjects of this study were 854 pregnant women who participated in the education of pregnant women in Seoul and Gyeonggi. The collected data were analyzed using statistical programs SPSS 23.0 and M-plus 7, evaluating factor structure, reliability, and validity. The exploratory factor analysis of 401 pregnant women revealed that 15 items were generated from a two factor structure (attachment quality, attachment intensity). The final 15 items were found to be in good correlations with each other, with the reliability coefficient of .82. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis of 453 pregnant women proved that the two factor model and the item composition were valid. Validity analysis showed significant correlations among adult attachment, prenatal anxiety, prenatal depression, MFAS, and MAAS. Criterion validity and concurrent validity were thus verified. Based on the results of this study, we discussed the application of the MAAS scale and implications for future research.
The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of a CBT developed for reducing secondary traumatic stress and psychological adaptation of sexual trauma counselors. Tested by STSS-K and IES-R-K, 23 sexual trauma counselors were selected and randomly assigned 8 people to experimental group (CBT), 7 people to comparison group (Art Therapy), 8 people to control group. The main findings are the following: First, the posttest results, the experimental group showed a significant difference from the comparison and control groups in both factors related to trauma and psychological adaptation. Second, in the follow-up test three months after the end of the inter-group program, the experimental group showed a significant difference from the comparison group in both trauma-related factors and psychological adjustment-related factors. Third, after program execution, the experimental group's cognitive errors which are categorized in the belief related to secondary traumatic experiences were able to be transformed into a more adaptive cognition.
This study aimed to determine the various factors affecting the quality of life of unmarried mothers, and to explore moderating effects of the character strengths and the social support between unmarried mothers’ stress and quality of life. We measured unmarried mothers stress, quality of life(WHOQOL-BREF), character strength, social support, parental role satisfaction, stigma, parenting motivation, personality psychopathology five scale, parent support and paternal support. The results showed employment status, health status, family-of-origin stress, work-related stress, optimism, love, negative emotionality/neuroticism, introversion/low positive emotion, and parenting motivation significantly predicted quality of life of unmarried mothers. This study verified moderating effects of character strengths: love of learning, social intelligence, fairness, forgiveness, humility, prudence, gratitude, sense of humor and social support on relation between unmarried mother stress and quality of life. We discussed various factors affecting the quality of life of unmarried mothers. Finally, this study has implications for positive psychology about unmarried mothers, and we discussed implications based on the results, and proposed future research.
The purpose of this study was to analyze how smartphone addiction levels and gender influence on academic self-efficacy and self-regulated learning. The current study analyzed data through two-way ANOVA on 407 college students in Seoul. There were four main results. First, a risk group and a general user group were 7.1% and 54.0% each in male students and 8.9% and 30.0% in female students. Second, male students compared female students significantly differ on pride in academic self-efficacy. But, female students compared male students significantly differ on cognitive regulation in self-regulated learning. Third, the interaction effects between smartphone addiction levels and gender were found in academic self-efficacy. Specifically, female students adjusted more in pride when smartphone addiction levels were low, wheres male students showed no significant differences in pride regardless of smartphone addiction level. Finally, the interaction effects between smartphone addiction levels and gender were not found in self-regulated learning. The implications of the results were discussed in the context of recommendations for practice and future research.
The purpose of the study is to examine the dual mediating effects of abandonment schema and relationship addiction on the relationship between childhood trauma and dating violence victimization. For this purpose, 409 unmarried men and women with dating experiences were surveyed. They received questionnaires to measure their Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form(CTQ-SF), Conflict Tactics Scale-2(CTS-2), Young Schema Questionnaire(YSQ) and Relationship addiction Questionnaire-30(RAQ-30). SPSS 19.0 and Amos 22.0 were used for all statistical analyses. Main statistical analyses were t-test, Cohen's d test, correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. The results were as follows: First, There was an average difference in gender differences between emotional abuse and abandonment schema. However, it was not significant because the effect size was small. Also, gender differences were not significant in dating violence victimization. Second, there was a significant correlation among childhood trauma, dating violence victimization, abandonment schema, relationship addiction. Third, in the relationship between childhood trauma and dating violence victimization, abandonment schema and relationship addiction were found to be dual mediated. Based on these results, the implications and limitations of the research were suggested.
The aims of the present study were to explore the possible selves(hoped for selves, feared selves) of women who are compatible with childcare and work-family reconciliation. For this purpose, We conducted in-depth interviews of 13 women who has the youngest child under the age of two, worked for more than 40 hours a week and kept working more than 3 years. We analyzed them in a CQR( Consensual Qualitative Research) and content analysis. 3 domains, 7 categories and 26 subcategories were deducted, The 3 domains and 7 categories were identified as ' Hoped for self ' (try for work-family reconciliation, try for limitation acceptance), ' feared self '(failure of work-family reconciliation, failure of limitation acceptance), ‘modifying factor of possible self(nurturing factor, reconciliation support factor, individual internal factor). To look at possible self under various conditions, the most hoped for/feared self, highly feasible/improbable self, hoped for/feared self at different times were identified and explained for content analysis. Based on these findings, implications and suggestions for future research were discussed.
Female victimization is one of the areas in crime research that demands more attention. Despite the relatively high rates of robbery against female victims, very few studies have compared robberies perpetrated against female and male victims, and female victims of robbery have been under-researched. By adopting a comparative approach, we aim to investigate the differences in the characteristics of female and male victimization and contribute to developing better strategies for crime prevention and victim treatment. Based on 615 robbery cases against female victims and 720 robbery cases against male victims in South Korea, we performed detailed analyses of robbery victimization. We found notable differences between robberies against females and males in terms of offender’s age, criminal history, and occupation; victim’s age; victim-offender relationship; and offense location. Moreover, robbery victimization differed by the gender of the victim with respect to offense type, premeditation, violence use, and evidence left. Furthermore, we identified a number of factors that contributed to differentiating female victimization from male victimization. The present study has practical implications for preventing robbery and developing gender-specific treatment strategies for female victims.
This study examined the effects of adult attachment on relationship satisfaction and the mediating effects of dysfunctional communication among dating couples. Survey data were collected from 194 dating heterosexual couples. The actor-partner interdependence model using structural equation model was adopted for the main analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, the actor effects and partner effects in the relationships between adult attachment and relationship satisfaction were significant except for the partner effects in the relationship between attachment avoidance and relationship satisfaction. Second, the actor effects and the partner effects in the relationships between dysfunctional communication and relationship satisfaction were significant. Third, the actor effects and the partner effects in relationships between attachment anxiety and dysfucntional communication were significant, except for the relationships between men’s anxiety and women’s relationship satisfaction. While the self effect of men’s avoidance on men’s dysfunctional communication was positively significant, the partner effect of women’ avoidance on women’s dysfucntional communication was negatively significant. Fourth, the mediating effects of own and partner’s dysfunctional communication in the relationship between adult attachment and relationship satisfaction were partially significant. Study limitations, suggestions for the future study, and theoretical and practical implications of this study were discussed.
Recently, the cases of male college students’ violent sexual comments about female classmates in their private group-texting have been increasing in Korea. The present research explored people’s attitudes toward such cases from an interdisciplinary perspective. In study 1, using a text-mining method, we analyzed users’ comments to online news articles of the recent incidents of college students’ sexual comments in group-texting. Co-word networks analysis identified co-occurring word groups of ’college,’ ’sexual comments in social-networking context,’ and ’misogyny.’ Topic-modeling analysis also revealed major topics of the comments, for example, ’education,’ ’social problems,’ ’degradation of women,’ and ’sexual expressions.’ In Study 2, we explored people’s attitudes towards scenarios of violent sexual comments and whistle blowing in three different contexts—in a group-texting, an offline private conversation, and a direct sexual harassment contexts (as a between-subject design). Participants in the group-texting condition and the direct condition showed higher sympathy to the victim and higher willingness to blow the whistle than did those in the private condition, suggesting that they perceived the group-texting context as public to some degree. However, regarding the reputation of ingroup, participants in the group-texting and in the private conversation conditions rated the whistle blowing as more damaging to the reputation of ingroup than did those in the direct condition. The relations between participants’ attitudes toward the scenarios and two measures of individual differences (ambivalent sexism, a fairness–loyalty tradeoff) were also discussed.