An Examination of the Relationship Between the Meaning of Life and Resilience in Mothers of Children with Cancer: Focused on the Moderation Effects of Social Support
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relations among the meaning of life, social support, and resilience in mothers of childhood cancer patients. To do this, the survey was conducted on 102 mothers of childhood cancer patients in Seoul and Gyeongnam area through Make-A-Wish Korea and Korea Childhood Cancer Parents Association. T-test and ANOVA for analysis on average difference in the variables, Pearson correlation analysis between the variables, stepwise multiple hierarchial regression analysis for exploring the relative influences, and hierarchial regression analysis for testing the moderating effect in relations between the variables were conducted using SPSS win 21. The results of this study were as follows: first, there were differences in the meaning of life according to degree of mothers and chemotherapy duration and the differences in social support were significant according to degree of mothers and age of children. Also, there were differences in resilience according to degree of mothers, disease duration, and chemotherapy duration. Second, resilience was mostly accounted for by the meaning of life as the individual variable, followed by social support as the social variable and disease duration of common disease-related characteristics. Third, the relation between the meaning of life and resilience was moderated by social support. Based on the results, the implications and limitations of this study and the suggestions for future studies were discussed.
- keywords
- mothers of children with cancer, resilience, the meaning of life, depression, social support, 소아암 환아 어머니, 회복탄력성, 삶의 의미, 사회적 지지
Reference
강경아, 김신정 (2005). 말기암 환아 부모가 경험하는 어려움. 한국아동간호학회지 11(2), 229-239.
고주희, 송현주 (2015). 자기성찰지능이 외상후 성장에 미치는 영향: 삶의 의미를 매개로. 청소년학연구, 22(2), 245-268.
김보라, 신희천 (2010). 자아탄력성과 삶의 의미가 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향: 의미추구와 의미발견의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 22(1), 117-136.
김은숙, 김희순 (2009). 뇌성마비 환아 어머니의 사회적 지지와 부담감. 재활간호학회지, 12(1), 39-46.
김은진 (1992). 만성질환아가족의 사회적지지와 가족기능간의 관계 연구. 이화여자대학교교육대학원 석사학위논문.
김재엽, 정윤경, 이진석 (2009). 가정내 자녀학대경험이 청소년의 자살생각에 미치는 영향 및 사회적 지지관계의 조절효과. 한국사회복지조사연구, 21, 119-144.
김희순 (1988). 정서․정보적지지 모임이 만성질환아 어머니의 스트레스에 미치는 영향. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
남궁정민 (1999). 소아암 환아 부모의 사회적 지지와 희망에 관한 연구. 한양 대학교대학학원 석사학위논문.
문소현, 윤영미, 조헌하 (2011). 일 지역 초등학생의 암에 대한 지식, 태도, 공감과 암환아에 대한 태도의 관계. 한국학교지역보건교육학회지, 12(2), 97-112.
문영신 (1994). 소아암 치료에 관련된 가족의 스트레스와 사회적지원간의 관계 연구. 숭실대학교 대학원석사학위논문.
박은숙 (1996). 만성질환아 어머니의 질병에 대한 불확실성 정도와 양육태도. 아동간호학회지, 2(2), 5-18.
박은정, 정정희, 진성례, 조은주, 김주연, 신지현, 허명은, 서민정, 차은경, 노기옥 (2017). 항암화학요법을 받는 소아암 환아 가족의간호 요구도와 간호 만족도. 종양간호학회지, 17(2), 97-106.
박지원 (1985). 사회적 지지척도 개발을 위한 일연구. 연세대학교 박사학위논문.
배병렬 (2009). 구조방정식 모델링 원리와 실제. 서울: 청람.
백현숙 (2010). 한국형 Connor-Davidson 자아탄력성 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 을지대학교 석사학위논문.
송주연, 이희경 (2010). 소아암 환아 어머니의 희망이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향:삶의 의미를 매개로. 상담학연구, 11(4), 1501-1517.
송지준 (2009). 논문작성에 필요한 SPSS. AMOS 통계분석방법, 21, 164-174.
신정희, 심혜원 (2011). 소아암 아동, 청소년어머니 양육스트레스와 자녀의 사회적 능력 간의 관계에서 어머니 양육태도의 매개효과. 청소년학연구, 18(8), 117-140.
심미경, 김희순, 신윤정 (2010). 소아암 생존청소년과 어머니의 외상 후 스트레스. 한국모자보건학회지, 14(2), 215-224.
심미경 (2004). 소아암 환아 가족의 적응에 영향을 미치는 회복력요인. Child Health Nursing Research, 10(4), 383-394.
오명자, 김병욱, 김미례 (2008). 중년기 여성의주부생활스트레스와 스트레스 대처방식의관계에서 사회적 지지의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 13(4), 499-520.
원두리, 김교헌, 권선중 (2005). 한국판 삶의의미척도의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지:건강, 10(2), 211-225.
유안진, 이점숙, 김정민 (2005). 신체상, 부모와 또래애착, 탄력성이 청소년의 생활 만족에 미치는 영향. 한국가정관리학회지, 23(5), 123-132.
윤민지, 유성경 (2013). 긍정정서와 삶에 대한만족 관계에서 긍정사고, 의미발견 및 의미추구의 매개효과 검증: 대학생을 중심으로. 청소년상담연구, 21(1), 147-167.
이은희, 손정민 (2008). 가족탄력성이 만성질환아 가족의 적응에 미치는 영향 연구. 한국아동복지학, (27), 95-120.
이인정, 김미영 (2012). 암환자 배우자의 돌봄부담이 부부적응에 미치는 영향-사회적지지의 조절효과를 중심으로. 사회복지연구, 43(3), 125-150.
전영신 (1999). 소아암 환아 가족의 스트레스. 인지적 사회지지, 적응. 한양대학교 석사논문.
조은향 (2009). 삶의 의미추구와 의미발견의 관계에서 긍정 및 부정정서와 자아탄력성의 매개효과검증. 이화여자대학교 석사학위논문.
중앙 암 등록본부 (2016). 국가 암 등록사업http://ncc.re.kr/cancerStatsList.ncc?searchKey=total&searchValue=&pageNum=1 에서 2017, 10, 02 자료 얻음.
최명심 (2011). 삶의 의미 수준과 자존감, 대인관계, 사회적 지지 및 정신건강의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 16(2), 363-377.
탁영란, 김순애, 이봉숙 (2003). 여성 노인의 사회적지지 및 도구적 지지요구와 우울에 관한 연구. 여성건강간호학회지, 9(4), 449-456.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage: Newbury Park, London.
Antonovsky, A. (1984). A call for a new question-salutogenesis-and a proposed answerthe sense of coherence. Journal of Preventive Psychiatry, 2(1), 1-13.
Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L.(1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive approach. Basic, Basic Books.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression, New York: Guilford Press.
Ben-Zur, H., Gilbar, O., & Lev, S. (2001). Coping with breast cancer: Patient, spouse, and dyad models. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(1), 32-39.
Brazil, K., & Krueger, P. (2002). Patterns of family adaptation to childhood asthma. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 17(3), 167-173.
Campbell, L. C., Keefe, F. J., McKee, D. C., Edwards, C. L., Herman, S. H., Johnson, L. E., Michael Colvin, O., McBride, C. M., & Donattuci, C. F. (2004). Prostate cancer in African Americans: relationship of patient and partner self-efficacy to quality of life. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 28(5), 433-444.
Cassell, E. J. (1982). The nature of suffering and the goal of medicine. New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 639-645.
Chu, C. C., Chen, J. Y., Chen, C. S., Tzeng, J. I., Tzeng, C. H., Chiang, P. S., & Wang, J. J. (2004). The efficacy and safety of transnasal butorphanol for postoperative pain control following lower laparoscopic surgery. Acta anaesthesiologica Taiwanica: Official Journal of the Taiwan Society of Anesthesiologists, 42(4), 203-207.
Compton, W. C., Smith, M. L., Cornish, K. A., & Qualls, D. L. (1996). Factor structure of mental health measures. Journal of personality and social psychology, 71(2), 406.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
Couper, J., Bloch, S., Love, A., Macvean, M., Duchesne, G. M., & Kissane, D. (2006). Psychosocial adjustment of female partners of men with prostate cancer: A review of the literature. Psycho Oncology, 15(11), 937-953.
Davis, G. C., (1992). The meaning of pain management: a concept analysis. Adavanced Nursing Science, 15(1), 77-86.
Davis, G. L., Parra, G. R., & Phipps, S. (2010). Parental posttraumatic stress symptoms due to childhood cancer and child outcomes:Investigation of the role of child anger regulation. Children's Health Care, 39(3), 173-184.
Debats, D. L., Van der Lubbe, P. M., & Wezeman, F. R. (1993). On the psychometric properties of the Life Regard Index (LRI): A measure of meaningful life: An evaluation in three independent samples based on the Dutch version. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(2), 337-345.
Dunn, M. G., & O’Brien, K. M. (2009). Psychological health and meaning in life stress, social support, and religious coping in Latina/Latino immigrants. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 31(2), 204-227.
Fife, B. L. (1995). The measurement of meaning in illness. Social Science & Medicine, 40(8), 1021-1028.
Fine, S. B. (1991). Resilience and human adaptability: Who rises above adversity?. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(6), 493-503.
Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man's search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Pocket Books.
Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in poverty:Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56(1), 127-136.
Gaugler, J. E., Duval, S., Anderson, K. A., & Kane, R. L. (2007). Predicting nursing home admission in the US: a meta-analysis. BioMed Central Geriatrics, 7(1), 13-27.
Haase, J. E. (2004). The adolescent resilience model as a guide to interventions. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 21(5), 289-299.
Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1986). Depression, self‐derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: Lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(1), 5-21.
Harper, F. W., Penner, L. A., Peterson, A., Albrecht, T. L., & Taub, J. (2012). Children’s positive dispositional attributes, parents’empathic responses, and children’s responses to painful pediatric oncology treatment procedures. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 30(5), 593-613.
Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., Solem, S., Hagen, K., & Stiles, T. C. (2011). The relationship between resilience and levels of anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adolescents. Clinical Psychology &Psychotherapy, 18(4), 314-321.
Hoekstra-Weebers, J. E., Jaspers, J. P., Kamps, W. A., & Klip, E. C. (2001). Psychological adaptation and social support of parents of pediatric cancer patients: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 26(4), 225-235.
Holaday, M., & Terrell, D. (1994). Resiliency characteristics and Rorschach variables in children and adolescents with severe burns. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 15(5), 455-460.
Howlader, N., Noone, A. M., Krapcho, M., Garshell, J., Neyman, N., Altekruse, S. F., Kosary, C. L., Yu, M., Ruhl, J., Tatalovich, Z., Cho, H., Mariotto, A., Lewis, D. R., Chen, H. S., Feuer, E. J., & Cronin, K. A.(2013). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2010. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2010에서 2017. 10. 02 자료 얻음.
Irwin, N. S., Shariene, A. W., & Tim, S. A.(2008). Resilience rather recovery: A contextual framework on adaption following bereavement. New York: The Free Press.
Janoff-Bulman, R., & McPherson Frantz, C. (1997). The impact of trauma on meaning: From meaningless world to meaningful life. In M. Power & C. R. Brewin(Eds.), The transformation of meaning in psychological therapy: Integrating theory and practice (pp. 91-106). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Jantien Vrijmoet-Wiersma, C. M., Van Klink, J. M., Kolk, A. M., Koopman, H. M., Ball, L. M., & Maarten Egeler, R. (2008). Assessment of parental psychological stress in pediatric cancer: A review. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(7), 694-706.
Kazak, A. E., Boeving, C. A., Alderfer, M. A., Hwang, W. T., & Reilly, A. (2005). Posttraumatic stress symptoms during treatment in parents of children with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(30), 7405-7410.
Kumpfer, K. L., & Hopkins, R. (1993). Prevention: Current research and trends. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16(1), 11-20.
Kumpfer, K. L., Turner, C., Hopkins, R., & Librett, J. (1993). Leadership and team effectiveness in community coalitions for the prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse. Health Education Research, 8(3), 359-374.
Landier, W., & Bhatia, S. (2008). Cancer survivorship: A pediatric perspective. The Oncologist, 13(11), 1181-1192.
Levitt, M. J., Weber, R. A., & Clark, M. C.(1986). Social network relationships as sources of maternal support and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 22(3), 310-316.
Lewis, C. E., & Lewis, M. A. (1989). Educational outcomes and illness behaviors inparticipants in a child-initiated care system: A 12-year follow-up study. Pediatrics, 84(5), 845-850.
Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11-21.
Litzelman, K., Catrine, K., Gangnon, R., & Witt, W. P. (2011). Quality of life among parents of children with cancer or brain tumors: The impact of child characteristics and parental psychosocial factors. Quality of Life Research, 20(8), 1261-1269.
McAdams, D. P., Diamond, A., de St Aubin, E., & Mansfield, E. (1997). Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 678-694.
Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan III, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S.(2007). Social support and resilience to stress:From neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5), 35-40.
Peek. G., & Melnyk, B. M. (2014). A coping intervention for mothers of children diagnosed with cancer: Connecting theory and research. Applied Nursing Research, 27(3), 202-204.
Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 239-245.
Polk, L. V. (1997). Toward a middle-range theory of resilience. Advances in Nursing Science, 19(3), 1-13.
Rosenberg, A. R., Baker, K. S., Syrjala, K. L., Back, A. L., & Wolfe, J. (2013). Promoting resilience among parents and caregivers of children with cancer. Journal of palliative medicine, 16(6), 645-652.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147(6), 598-611.
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316.
Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Ayers, T. S.(2007). Resilience rather than recovery: A contextual framework on adaptation following bereavement. Death Studies, 32(1), 59-73.
Sawyer, M. G., Streiner, D. L., Antoniou, G., Toogood, I., & Rice, M. (1998). Influence of parental and family adjustment on the later psychological adjustment of children treated for cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(8), 815-822.
Schilling, R. F., Gilchrist, L. D., & Schinke, S. P. (1984). Coping and social support in families of developmentally disabled children. Family Relations, 33(1), 47-54.
Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. Flow and the foundations of positive psychology(pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands.
Settersten, R. A. (2002). Social sources of meaning in later life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Spera, R. V., & Farber, B. F. (1994). Multidrugresistant Enterococcus faecium. Drugs, 48(5), 678-688.
Steele, R. G., Dreyer, M. L., & Phipps, S. (2004). Patterns of maternal distress among children with cancer and their association with child emotional and somatic distress. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29(7), 507-517.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M.(2004). The development and validation of the meaning in life questionnaire. University of Minesota.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M.(2006). The meaning in life questionnaire:Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93.
Stevens, M., & Higgins, D. (2002). The influence of risk and protective factors on burnout experienced by those who work with maltreated children. Child Abuse Review, 11(5), 313-331.
Taleghani, F., Fathizadeh, N., & Naseri, N.(2012). The lived experiences of parents of children diagnosed with cancer in Iran. European Journal of Cancer Care, 21(3), 340-348.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2006). Time of change? The spiritual challenges of bereavement and loss. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 53(1), 105-116.
Tilden, V. P., & Weinert, C. (1987). Social support and the chronically ill individual. The Nursing Clinics of North America, 22(3), 613-620.
Triplett, K. N., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Reeve, C. L. (2012). Posttraumatic growth, meaning in life, and life satisfaction in response to trauma. Pychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(4), 400-410.
Turner, R. J., Frankel, B. G., & Levin, D. M.(1983). Social support: Conceptualization, measurement, and implications for mental health. Research in Community & Mental Health, 3, 67-111.
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-178.
Wallander, J. L., & Varni, J. W. (1998). Effects of pediatric chronic physical disorders on child and family adjustment. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39(1), 29-46.
Wang, X., Cai, L., Qian, J., & Peng, J. (2014). Social support moderates stress effects on depression. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8(1), 41-46.
Wijnberg‐Williams, B. J., Kamps, W. A.,, Klip, E. C., & Hoekstra‐Weebers, J. E. (2006). Psychological adjustment of parents of pediatric cancer patients revisited: Five years later. Psycho-Oncology, 15(1), 1-8.
Young B., Dixon-Woods, M., Findlay, M., & Heney, D. (2002). Parenting in a crisis:conceptualising mothers of children with cancer. Social Science & Medicine, 55(10), 1835-1847.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations