바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology

The influence of perceived gender discrimination on Hwa-byung: Stability of self-esteem as a moderator

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine whether perceived gender discrimination would be related to Hwa-byung and stability of self-esteem would moderate such a relationship. especially after controlling self-esteem. For this purpose, we administrated online survey in a sample of 240 women. The results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, in stage 1, self-esteem (covariate) was negatively related to Hwa-byung and, in stage 2, perceived gender discrimination was positively related to Hwa-byung while stability of self-esteem was negatively related to Hwa-byung. In addition, in stage 3, the interaction of perceived gender discrimination and stability of self-esteem was significant, which suggested that stability of self-esteem moderated the relationship between perceived gender discrimination and Hwa-byung. That is, the grater stability of self-esteem was, the effect of perceived gender discrimination on Hwa-byung decreased. Moreover, based on self-esteem and stability of self-esteem, we divided dataset into 4 groups and compared Hwa-byung scores among these groups. Low self-esteem and low stability of self-esteem group reported the highest Hwa-byung scores, followed by low self-esteem and high stability of self-esteem group, high self-esteem and low stability of self-esteem group, and high self-esteem and high stability of self-esteem group. By revealing that stability of self-esteem buffer the negative effect of gender perceived discrimination against Hwa-byung, this study highlights the importance of both self-esteem and stability of self-esteem.

keywords
성차별경험, 자존감, 자존감 안정성, 화병, perceived gender discrimination, self-esteem, stability of self-esteem, Hwa-byung

Reference

1.

고현석, 민경환, 김민희 (2012). 자존감, 자존감안정성, 자기개념 명료성과 심리적 적응과의 관계 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 31(3), 825-846.

2.

권정혜, 김종우, 박동건, 이민수, 민성길, 권호인 (2008). 화병 척도의 개발과 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 27(1), 237-252.

3.

글로벌 사회정책 브리프 (2017). 지수로 본 세계 성(性) 평등. 한국보건사회연구원.

4.

김명수, 조옥귀 (2010). 중학생의 일상적 스트레스, 자기존중감의 안정성과 학교생활적응과의 관계. 상담학연구, 10(3), 1413-1425.

5.

김민정, 이기학 (2009). 자존감 불안정성, 자존감 수준, 방어성에 따른 자존감 유형 탐색 연구. 상담학연구, 10(3), 1413-1425.

6.

김민정, 현명호 (2010). 스트레스 사회적지지및 자아존중감과 남성 화병 증상의 관계, 한국 심리학회지; 건강, 15(1), 19-33.

7.

김보균, 김종우, 지상은, 임재환, 김광호, 황의환 (2000). 홧병 인식과 자아존중감 관계에 관한 연구. 동의신경정신과학학회지, 11(2), 141-148.

8.

김선희, 김은하, 김태훈 (2014). 다문화가정 한국 아버지의 양육 스트레스와 화병: 스트레스 대처양식, 분노 반추의 조절효과를중심으로. 사회과학연구, 40(3), 97-119.

9.

김예은 (2017). 20-30대 여성의 미묘한 성차별경험과 심리적 디스트레스의 관계: 여성주의 정체성 차원에 의해 조절된 분노의 매개효과. 서강대학교 석사학위 논문.

10.

김은하, 김지수, 박한솔, 김도연, 김수용 (2017). 직장 내 성차별 경험, 정당한 세상에 대한 믿음, 우울에 대한 연구: 척도 개발 및매개효과 분석. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 22(4), 643-447.

11.

김은하, 김혜림 (2015). 기혼여성의 생활스트레스와 화병간의 관계: 내외통제성을 통한정당한 세상에 대한 믿음. 상담학연구, 16(5), 33-47.

12.

김은하, 장윤지 (2015). 아들러의 개인 심리학이론을 적용한 화병 사례 연구: 화병, 우울, 심리적 안녕감의 변화. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 20(4), 469-495.

13.

김재은, 김지현 (2016). 성별에 따른 남성중심집단과 여성중심집단의 양가적 성차별주의와 강간통념의 관계. 상담학연구, 17(1), 187-205.

14.

김진희, 임성문 (2015). 완벽주의, 신체불만족과 폭식의 관계: 명시적, 암묵적 자존감과조건부 자기가치감의 조절효과. 청소년학연구, 22(11), 569-605.

15.

김혜숙, 장재윤 (2002). 여성 공무원 리더의 효율성, 성 정체성, 삶의 만족도와 조직의 성차별 문화. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 8(2), 191-208.

16.

박 경 (2014). 화병연구의 메타분석과 심리치료. 한국심리치료학회, 6(2), 23-38.

17.

박미향, 김완일 (2014). 청소년의 공격성과 학교생활 적응의 관계에서 자존감 안정성의 매개효과. 청소년학연구, 21(10), 475-501.

18.

박지현, 탁진국 (2008). 여성종업원의 직장 내성차별 지각이 경력몰입과 이직의도에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 22(2), 245-263.

19.

손은주, 김성진, 최인철 (2017). 성차별에 대응한 여성이 감수해야 하는 것들. 한국심리학회 학술대회 자료집, 333-333.

20.

신현균, 김희경 (2015). 탈북 청소년의 학업 및가족문제 스트레스와 외상 후 스트레스와의 관계에서 자존감의 조절효과. 청소년학연구, 22(11), 337-357.

21.

안상수, 김금미 (2010). 성별 관련 조직요인들이 조직성과에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 2(6), 285-309.

22.

여성가족부 (2015). 2015 성희롱 실태조사. 중앙대학교 산학협력단.

23.

여성가족부 (2017). 2017 한국의 성평등보고서. 한국여성정책원.

24.

오현규, 김화연, 박성민 (2016). 한국 여성 근로자의 성차별 인식에 관한 연구. 한국행정논집, 28(2), 307-328.

25.

옥주희, 김은정 (2015). 부정적 자기개념과 자기개념 명확성이 사회불안에 미치는 영향: 부적응적 자기초점적 주의의 매개효과. 인지행동치료, 15(3), 619-637.

26.

우형진 이정기 (2012). 대학생들의 인구통계적속성, 미디어 이용량, 자존감 수준과 안정성이 인터넷 포르노 몰입 및 중독에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구. 지역과 커뮤니케이션, 16(3), 55-84.

27.

유현욱, 홍혜영 (2015). 중학생의 또래애착과 SNS 중독경향성의 관계에서 자존감과 자존감 안정성의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지:상담 및 심리치료, 27(4), 977-999.

28.

장재원, 신희천 (2011). 자존감의 안정성 척도개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 23(2), 635-654.

29.

정선태, 홍혜영 (2016). 자기불일치가 사회불안에 미치는 영향에서 자존감 유형의 조절효과. 청소년학연구, 23(9), 1-25.

30.

정현진 (2014). 자존감 유형에 따른 대학생의 대인관계능력과 우울 및 불안의 차이. 숙명여자대학교 석사학위논문.

31.

조한익, 조민경 (2013). 학교폭력 피해경험과 가해경험의 관계: 자존감과 자존감 안정성이 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 25(4), 913-932.

32.

한인희 (2015). 직장성차별과 여성 근로자의 건강에 관한 연구. 한국사회학회 사회학대회 논문집, 271-271.

33.

Basford, T. E., Offermann, L. R., & Behrend, T. S. (2014). Do you see what I see? Perceptions of gender microaggressions in the workplace. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(3), 340-349.

34.

Bentall, R. P., Myin-Germeys, I., Smith, A.,Knowles, R., Jones, S. H., Smith, T., & Tai, S. J. (2011). Hypomanic personality, stability of self-esteem and response styles to negative mood. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(5), 397-410.

35.

Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R. C., Denissen, J. A., Rentfrow, P. J., Gebauer, J. E., & Potter, J. (2016). Age and gender differences in self-esteem-A cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396-410.

36.

Burke, R. J., Mikkelson, A. (2005). Gender differences in policing: Signs of progress? Employee Relations, 27(4), 425-436.

37.

Cassidy, C., O’Connor, R., Howe, C. J., & Warden, D. (2004). Perceived discrimination and psychological distress: The role of personal and ethnic self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(3), 329-339.

38.

Choi, K-H., Bowleg, L., & Neilands, T. B. (2011). The effects of sexism, psychological distress, and difficult sexual situations on U.S. women’s sexual risk behaviors. AIDS Educational Prevention, 23(5), 397-411.

39.

Corning, A. F. (2002). Self-esteem as a moderator between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(1), 117-126.

40.

de Man, A. F., & Gutierrez, B. I. B. (2002). The relationship between level of self-esteem and suicidal ideation with stability of self-esteem as moderator. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 34(4), 235-238.

41.

Dowler, K., & Arai, B. (2008). Stress, gender and policing: The impact of perceived gender discrimination on symptoms of stress. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 10(2), 123-135.

42.

Falk, C. F., & Heine, S. J. (2014). What is implicit self-esteem, and does it vary across cultures? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 177-198.

43.

Fischer, A. R., & Holz, K. B. (2007). Perceived discrimination and women's psychological distress: The roles of collective and personal selfesteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(2), 154-164.

44.

Fischer, A. R., & Holz, K. B. (2010). Testing a model of women’s personal sense of justice, control, well-being, and distress in the context of sexist discrimination. Psychology of women Quarterly, 34(3), 297-310.

45.

Fisher, A. R., & Shaw, C. M. (1999). African Americans’ mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination. The moderating effects racial socialization experiences and self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 395-407.

46.

Franck, E., & Raedt, R. D. (2007). Self-esteem reconsidered: Unstable self-esteem outperforms level of self-esteem as vulnerability marker for depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1531-1541.

47.

Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress:Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry: Mental Health & Social Justice, 70(1), 42-57.

48.

Hayes, A. M., Harris, M. S., (2004). Predictors of self-esteem variability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(3), 369-385.

49.

Hurst, R. J., & Beesley, D. (2013). Perceived sexism, self-silencing, and psychological distress in college women. Sex roles, 68(5-6), 311-320.

50.

Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 1-26.

51.

Kernis, M. H. (2005). Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73, 1-37.

52.

Kernis, M. H., Brown, A. C., & Brody, G. H.(2000). Fragile self-esteem in children and its associations with perceived patterns of parent-child communication. Journal of Personality, 68, 225-252.

53.

Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Mathis, L. C. (1991). Stability of self-esteem as a moderator of the relation between level of self-esteem and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 80-84.

54.

Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1992). Stability of self-esteem: Assessment, correlates, and excuse making. Journal of Personality, 60(3), 621-644.

55.

Kernis, M. H., Paradise, A. W., Whitaker, D. J., Wheatman, S. R., & Goldman, B. N. (2000). Master of one’s psychological domain? Not likely if one’s self-esteem is unstable. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1297-1305.

56.

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low:The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 265-292.

57.

Kernis, M. H. (2005), Grannermann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1989). Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(6), 1013-1022.

58.

Kim, E. H., & Hogge, I. (2013). An Adlerian conceptualization of Korean women with Hwa-byung. Journal of Individual Psychology, 69, 41-54.

59.

Kim, E. H., Hogge, I., Ji, P., Shim, Y. R., & Lothspeich, C. (2014). Hwa-byung among middle-aged Korean women: Family relationships, gender-role attitudes, and self-esteem. Health Care for Women International, 35(5), 495-511.

60.

Klonoff, E. A., & Landrine, H. (1995). The Schedule of Sexist Events: A measure of lifetime and recent sexist discrimination in women’s lives. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(4), 439-470.

61.

Landry, L. J., & Mercurio, A. E. (2009). Discrimination and women’s mental health:The mediating role of control. Sex Roles, 61(3-4), 192-203.

62.

Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K. & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 518-530.

63.

Leary, M. R, & Baumeister, R. F.(2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-62). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

64.

Lewis, J. A., & Neville, H. A. (2015). Construction and initial validation of the gendered racial microaggressions scale for Black women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 289-302.

65.

McLaughlin, K. L. (2017). Sexism Makes Me Sick:An Examination of Potential Mediators in the Link between Sexism and Women's Mental Health (Doctoral dissertation). ProQuest Dissertations Publishing에서 인출. (10259726).

66.

Major, B., Kaiser, C. R., O’Brien, L. T., & McCoy, S. K. (2007). Perceived discrimination as worldview threat or worldview confirmation:Implications for self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1068-1086.

67.

Mazzula, S. L., & Nadal, K. L. (2015). Racial microaggressions, whiteness, and feminist therapy. Women & Therapy, 38(3-4), 308-326.

68.

Meyers, D. T. (1997). Emotion and heterodox moral perception: An essay in moral social psychology. In D. T. Meyers (Ed.), Feminists rethink the self (pp. 197-t218). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

69.

Min, S. K. (2009). Hwabyung in Korea: Culture and dynamic analysis. World Cultural Psychiatry Research Review, 4, 12-21.

70.

Min, S. K., Suh, S. Y., & Song, K. J. (2009). Symptoms to use for diagnostic criteria of hwa-byung, an anger syndrome. Psychiatry Investigation, 6, 7-12.

71.

Moradi, B., & Hasan, N. T. (2004). Arab American persons’ reported experiences of discrimination and mental health: The mediating roles of personal control. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 418-428.

72.

Myers, E. M., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2008). No shades of gray. Splitting and self-esteem instability. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(2), 139-145.

73.

Nadal, K. L. (2009). Preventing racial, ethnic, gender, sexual minority, disability and religious microaggressions. Recommendations for promoting positive mental health. Prevention in Counseling Psychology: Theory, Research, Practice, & Training, 2, 22-27.

74.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.

75.

Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 381-387.

76.

Park, Y. J., Kim, H. S., Kang, H. C., & Kim, J. W. (2001). A survey on hwa-byung in middle-age Korean women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 12, 115-122.

77.

Park, Y. J., Kim, H. S., Schwartz-Barcott, D., & Kim, J. W. (2002). The conceptual structure of hwa-byung in middle-aged Korean women. Health Care for Women International, 23, 389-397.

78.

Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531-554.

79.

Ro, A., & Choi, K-H. (2010). Effects of gender discrimination and reported stress on drug use among racially/ethnically diverse women in Northern California. Women Health Issues, 20(3), 211-218.

80.

Roberts, J. E., & Kassel, J. D. (1997). Labile self-esteem, life stress and depressive symptoms: Prospective data testing a model of vulnerability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 569-589.

81.

Roberts, J. E., & Monroe, S. M. (1992). Vulnerable self-esteem and depressive symptoms: Prospective data testing a model of vulnerability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 569-589.

82.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

83.

Sabik, N. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2006). Do feminist identity styles moderate the relation between perceived sexist events and disordered eating? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 77-84.

84.

Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213-240.

85.

Szymanski, D. M., & Owens, G. P. (2009). Group-level coping as a moderator between heterosexism and sexism and psychological distress in sexual minority women. Psychology Of Women Quarterly, 33(2), 197-205.

86.

Teasdale, J. D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 247-274.

87.

Thomas, A. J., Witherspoon, K., & Speight, S. L.(2008). Gendered racism, psychological distress, and coping styles of African American women, Culture Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 307-314.

88.

Van Tuijl, L. A., de Jong, P. J., Sportel, B. E., de Hullu, E., & Nauta, M. H. (2014). Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety: A longitudinal study in adolescents. Psychiatry, 45(1), 113-121.

89.

Vickery, C. D., Sepehri, A., Evans, C. C., & Jabeen, L. N. (2009). Self-esteem level and stability, admission functional status, and depressive symptoms in acute inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Psychology, 54(4), 432-439.

90.

Waschull, S. B., & Kernis, M. H. (1996). Level and stability of self-esteem as predictors of children’s intrinsic motivation and reasons for anger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(1), 4-13.

91.

Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Ku, T-Y., & Liao, K. (2010). Racial discrimination stress, coping, and depressive symptoms among Asian Americans: A moderation analysis. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 136-150.

92.

Wei, M., Ku, T-Y., Russell, D. W., & Mallinckrodt, B. (2008). Moderating effects of three coping strategies and self-esteem on perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms: A minority stress model for Asian international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(4), 451-462.

93.

Zeigler-Hill, V., & Myers, E. M. (2012). A review of gender differences in self-esteem. In S. P. McGeown (Ed.), Psychology of gender differences (pp. 131-143). Hauppauage, NY: Nova.

The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology