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open access
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ISSN : 1229-0718
This study examined the effect of age, plausibility of events and temporal delay on planting false child memories. Between-subjects variables of this study were an age (6-year-old children, 8-year-old children) and a temporal delay (immediate, 1 day delay), and within-subjects variable was an event plausibility. The subjects were sixty 6-year-old children and sixty one 8-year-old children. They were required to recall two false events by tape recorders. One false event described the child lost in an amusement park (plausible event); the other one described the child receiving an enema (implausible event). The half of each age groups was tested immediately and the rest of them was tested next day. The data was analyzed in terms of Log-linear and x<sup>2</sup> by the frequency planted false memories. All main effects were statistically significant, while there was not any interaction effect. These results were interpreted as that false memories in children were affected by event plausibility, time-delay and age.
We attempt to investigate how intention and stimulus complexity interact with the ontological concepts such as solid objects and non-solid substances in Korean word learning, by presenting two experiments. We suggest that the ontological concept plays a role as a universal constraint on word learning, and language specificity also influences early word learning. The 'No mass-count syntax' in Korean might incorporate the fact that the Korean-speaking children show stronger orientation toward shape in the substance trials than the English-speaking children. Other factors such as intention and stimulus complexity also influence children's responses. Especially, we note that children make more shape responses when the stimuli were formed with the intention to make it. This implies that the word learning at an early age embodies the "theory of mind".
Measures of processing speed, memory, and reasoning were administered to 8- to 12-year-olds and adults to examine the causal relation among processing speed, memory, and reasoning. Age was correlated positively with measures of processing speed, memory, and reasoning. Path analyses indicated that age-related changes in processing speed is associated with an increase in memory and an increase in reasoning, but changes in memory mediated through changes in processing speed is not associated with an increase in reasoning.
This study was performed to identify the prediction of childrearing behavior from maternal perception of children's personality and mothers' satisfaction with them The subjects were 1060 mothers with children of 5th grade in elementary schools located in Seoul, Suwon, Taejon, and Taegu city. The results were as follows: Mothers' rejection-restriction was the most highly explained by the perception of children's personality and maternal satisfaction with them Warmth-acceptance was the next highly explained childrearing behavior, and permissiveness-nonintervention was weakly explained. Visible differences could not be found between the degree of contribution of the perceived personality and of the satisfaction with them However, difference of explanation pattern was found. rejection-restriction was mainly explained by mothers' satisfaction with children's personality and warmth-acceptance was mainly explained by the perception of children's personality.
Relations among prosicial moral reasoning, classroom behavior, and sociometric status(social preference) were investigated in a sample of 189 lst, 2nd, and 3rd graders. Students were differentiated into 3 levels of hedonistic, needs-oriented, and approval/interpersonal-oriented prosocial reasoning. Results showed that hedonistic and needs-oriented moral reasoning were differently related to teachers' ratings of classroom behavior and to social preference. Among boys, hedonistic moral reasoning was associated with the lack of social competencies, acting-out behavior, and low social preference. Girls did not show this kind of associations. Moral reasoning was found to affect social preference only indirectly, but not directly. Results support Eisenberg's (1986) claim that hedonistic and needs-oriented reasoning are qualitatively distinct.
Self-perceived social competence (SSC) is one of the important mediating factors of social adaptation. This study is designed to investigate contributing variables in the formation of SSC in 4-6th graders of two elementary schools in AnYang City using multiple informants. The participants completed Harters Self-Perception Profile, Friendship Quality Scale, Korean Modified Peer Nominating Inventory (K-MPNI) and Peer Rating Scale measuring social-preference. Parents of the subjects completed Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL). Partial correlation and SEM were performed, controlling sex and grade. Social-preference scores and support from the best friend were significantly positively correlated with SSC. Internalizing behavioral disturbances and the degree of victimization of school bullying were significantly negatively correlated with SSC. SEM revealed that behavioral disturbances including internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems were related to negative SSC indirectly via low peer-acceptance which is composed of social preference and victimization by peers. Support from the best friend was a protective factor, preventing negative impact of low social acceptance on SSC.
Using SRM(Kenny & La Voie, 1984), this study examined a variety of aspects of perception of aggression, compared four subgroups (bully, victim, bully/victim, comparison) in perceptual features of aggression, and explored a relationship between perceptual features of aggression and interpersonal relationship propensity. There were 407 participants of 7th grade (male: 116, female: 108 at coeducational schools, male: 101, female: 82 at unmixed schools). Apart from self ratings, members of each of 74 groups of 5-6 rated each other on the 6 aggression dimension. They also nominated victims and bullies among their classmates up to six each and rated themselves on the interpersonal relationship propensity scale. Results indicated that there were perceiver, target, and relationship effect on the perception of aggression. Small reciprocity, assumed reciprocity and meta-accuracy were found at the dyadic level. There were some levels of assumed similarity and self-other agreement. Differences between groups emerged in some perceptual aspects of aggression. Finally, there were a relationship between perceptual features of aggression and interpersonal relationship propensity.
A representation is the cognitive system which enable us to understand and to explain persons, events, and things. The representation, constructed by the consensus among social members, is assumed that it affects on person's response to stimuli encountered. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of representation of hierarchical interpersonal relation on anger control, when anger is caused in interpersonal context. A total of 1228 adolescents, attending to middle and high school and university, evaluated a representation scale, a delinquent scale, and the questionnaire which measures their anger expressions and control degree depending on the type of persons(senior and junior) who cause their anger. The research questions were tested by using t-test, ANOVA, and MANOVA. The results of this study was followed: 1) There was the significant difference among three age groups. The developmental direction was curvilinear. Between middle schooler and high schooler, the representation score have increased, and then decreased in undergraduate students. And the representation score of male group and high delinquent group was significantly higher than one of female group and low delinquent group. 2) The representation of hierarchical interpersonal relation have influenced on the differences of anger expressions according to the type of anger-caused persons. The implication of this study is that the cultural context must be considered, if you want to understand and explain the control of emotion. And the result of this study is expected that it will be used for developing the program of anger control.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between present attachment style and ego identity and between attachment to mother, father, peer and ego identity. 443 College students were tested by 4-category attachment style measure, IPPA and three ego identity tests based on different assumption. The results offered similar partial relationship between attachment and ego identity in three identity measures. Also attachment to three persons was correlated to the subfactors of three identity measures. Among three persons, mother has the most effects and father the least effects in identity development of college students.
422 Korean middle, high school and college students were investigated to explore their preference in romantic relation with opposite sex. The study consisted of two phases. First, to find out what Korean students count most when they choose their opposite sex friends, preliminary survey was administered to 90 Korean students (45 male and female: 30 students at each schools). They were asked to list their preference in choosing opposite sex friends. Out of 900 lists, items which had most frequencies were selected to make a questionnaire. At phase two, 422 middle, high school and college students were asked to rate their preference to 30 item Liken scale. Factor analysis was executed to find out psychological structure of Korean students. Based on scree plot and eigen value, final 5 factor model was selected. The 5 factors were students' preference on personality, physical appearance, material resources, vision and features of new generation. Comparison of means showed that male students prefer physical appearances more than female students do, regardless of ages. On the other hand, female students count more personality, material resources, vision and features of new generation than male students. This study shares the same results with Buss' international study on preferences in selecting mates.
Internet and cyber-culture has created a new life style and playgrounds for adolescents with the PC game-rooms in every corner of cities. In addition, it has created another version of digital divide between the parents and their adolescent kids. 1122 adolescents and 209 parents have surveyed for their Internet usages and understanding on it. Parents group has a view that adolescents may have special purpose and experiences in their using of Internet. However, adolescents groups showed that they take it as part of their daily life activities. In addition, adolescents group has expressed more positive attitude on using Internet and its impact on their life, compared to that of parents group. They are also well aware of the possible negative impact of Internet in daily life, compared to that of parents. The discrepant views on Internet usage between parents and adolescents have been attributed their own difference exposure to the Internet culture. Adolescents groups seem to have more realistic attitude toward the impact of this new media, while parents group tends to have more exaggerated expectation and less concern on their specific impacts on daily activities.
It is hypothesized that children with specific-language-impairment have a limitation in information-processing capacity which influence to deficits of phonological memory. So deficits of phonological memory affect the comprehension of grammar as well as word learning. This study examined the effect of contrast in children's word learning. Three groups of children served as subjects: ten specific-language-impaired children, and two comparison groups of normally developing children, 10 matched for language-ability age and 10 matched for chronological age. Subjects encountered two new words in two conditions, nominal and contrast condition. Subsequent tasks probed the comprehension and production ability about the new words. There were group effects that the SLI group scored lower than language-ability age and chronological age group. Although there were no significant condition effects, SLI group scored better in contrast condition.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the development of theory-of-mind understanding of preschoolers and to test theory-of-mind hypothesis of autism. The subjects of this study were 10 3-year-olds, 10 4-year-olds, 12 5-year-olds normal children and 10 high-functioning autistic children. Preschoolers and Autistic children were tested on their understanding of false belief by Sally-Anne task and deception by Penny-hiding game. The results of this study are as follows : 1. There were significant group differences on false-belief tese. 3-year-olds were significantly worse than other groups. Autistic children did not differ significantly than 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds. 2. In deception test, we scored the performances by two ways. First, when we scored the hand pattern that children used in guessing and hiding, there were no significant group differences. Second, when we scored the successful object occlusion and information occlusion, 3-year-olds and autistic children were significantly worse than 5-year-olds. 3. In normal and autistic group, the performances of false belief task showed significant correlation with the performances of information occlusion of deception task. These findings support that normal children develop theory-of-mind after 4 years and high-functioning autistic children have theory-of-mind deficit, especially its practical use.