open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
ISSN : 1229-0718
Although the cognitive and neurophysiological characteristics of SCD are known to be different from those of the normal elderly, studies of the emotional characteristics in SCD are rare. In old age, affective optimization characteristics that maximize positive emotions and avoid negative emotions appear to maintain emotional stability. This leads to a positivity effect of attending to and remembering positive rather than negative stimuli. The present study investigated the positivity effect for memory in older adults with SCD compared with those of normal elderly (NE) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Thirty NE, 29 SCD, and 24 MCI participated in the study. All participants were presented with computerized picture and word stimuli with three valence values (positive, negative, and neutral) and performed immediate and delayed recall tasks. Overall, positivity effects were observed in the picture and word stimuli in the NE group. In the SCD group, however, a positivity effect was observed for neither picture nor word stimuli; emotional memory enhancement (EME) was observed only for picture stimuli. The MCI group did not show EME in either stimulus condition. In sum, these results suggest that emotional regulation is already impaired in older adults with SCD. Therefore, early emotional intervention for SCD is needed.
강연욱, 장승민, 나덕렬 (2012). 서울신경심리검사2판. 서울: 휴브알엔씨.
강연욱, 박재설, 유경호, 이병철 (2009). 혈관성인지장애 선별검사로서 Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment(K-MoCA)의 신뢰도, 타당도 및 규준 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 28(2), 549-562.
김경일 (1985). 한국어 음절구조에 관한 통계분석. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김민희, 민경환 (2004). 노년기 정서경험과 정서조절의 특징. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 23(2), 1-21.
김보라 (2010). 한국어 정서유발 단어집의 개발. 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김보혜 (2015). “주관적 인지저하”의 인지특성과 기억책략 유형으로 분류한 하위유형 구분의 임상적 함의. 한림대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김유진, 강연욱 (2016). 우울한 노인과 대학생의 정서적 정보처리과정. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 29(4), 101-121.
김한샘 (2005). 현대 국어 사용 빈도 조사 2. 서울:국립국어원.
김해윤, 강연욱, 유경호, 이병철 (2018). 지각적 부호화와 의미적 부호화가 주관적 인지저하의 자유회상과 재인회상에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 37(3), 289-300.
박명숙, 박창호 (2011). 정서 그림의 회상에서 긍정성효과에 대한 한국 노인과 젊은이의 비교. 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물, 23(1), 171-194.
조맹제, 배재남, 서국희, 함봉진, 김장규, 이동우, 강민희 (1999). DSM-III-R 주요우울증에 대한한국어판 Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS)의 진단적 타당성 연구. 신경정신의학, 38(1), 48-63.
중앙치매센터 (2018). 치매유병현황. 성남: 중앙치매센터.
지한솔 (2018). 기억 유형에 따른 정서적 기억향상: 젊은 성인, 정상 노인, 기억성 경도인지장애 및 알츠하이머형 치매 환자 비교. 한림대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
진주희, 오경자, 서상원, 나덕렬 (2010). 노인의 주관적 기억 장애의 특징 및 하위유형. 대한치매학회지, 9(4), 115-121.
홍영지, 남예은, 이윤형 (2016). 정서가, 각성가 및 구체성 평정을 통한 한국어 정서 단어 목록 개발. 인지과학, 27(3), 377-406.
Amariglio, R. E., Mormino, E. C., Pietras, A. C., Marshall, G. A., Vannini, P., Johnson, K. A., ..., & Rentz, D. M. (2015). Subjective cognitive concerns, amyloid-β, and neurodegeneration in clinically normal elderly. Neurology, 85(1), 56-62.
Baran, Z., Cangöz, B., & Ozel-Kizil, E. T. (2014). The impact of aging and Alzheimer’s disease on emotional enhancement of memory. European Neurology, 72(1-2), 30-37.
Barrick, A. L., Hutchinson, R. L., & Deckers, L. H. (1989). Age effects on positive and negative emotions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4(4), 421-429.
Boller, F., Dequeker, J., Degreef, H., El Massioui, F., Devouche, E., Busschots, A. M., ..., & Starkstein, S. E. (2002). Processing emotional information in Alzheimer’s disease: Effects on memory performance and neurophysiological correlates. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 14(2), 104-112.
Brueckner, K., & Moritz, S. (2009). Emotional valence and semantic relatedness differentially influence false recognition in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and healthy elderly. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(2), 268-276.
Bruno, D., Brown, A. D., Kapucu, A., Marmar, C. R., & Pomara, N. (2014). Cognitive reserve and emotional stimuli in older individuals: Level of education moderates the age-related positivity effect. Experimental Aging Research, 40(2), 208-223.
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331-338.
Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory:The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(2), 310-324.
Christensen, K. J., Multhaup, K. S., Nordstrom, S., & Voss, K. (1991). A cognitive battery for dementia:Development and measurement characteristics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(2), 168-174.
Colijn, M. A., & Grossberg, G. T. (2015). Amyloid and tau biomarkers in subjective cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 47(1), 1-8.
Fairfield, B., Colangelo, M., Mammarella, N., Di Domenico, A., & Cornoldi, C. (2017). Affective false memories in Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type. Psychiatry Research, 249, 9-15.
Fernandes, M., Ross, M., Wiegand, M., & Schryer, E. (2008). Are the memories of older adults positively biased?. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 297-306.
Geldenhuys, W. J., & Darvesh, A. S. (2015). Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s disease:Current and future trends. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 15(1), 3-5.
Gorenc-Mahmutaj, L., Degen, C., Wetzel, P., Urbanowitsch, N., Funke, J., & Schröder, J. (2015). The positivity effect on the intensity of experienced emotion and memory performance in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 5(2), 233-243.
Grühn, D., Scheibe, S., & Baltes, P. B. (2007). Reduced negativity effect in older adults’memory for emotional pictures: The heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 644-649.
Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006). Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye-tracking study. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 40-48.
Jack Jr, C. R., Bennett, D. A., Blennow, K., Carrillo, M. C., Dunn, B., Haeberlein, S. B., ..., & Sperling, R. (2018). NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 14(4), 535-562.
Jessen, F., Wiese, B., Bachmann, C., Eifflaender-Gorfer, S., Haller, F., Kolsch, H., ..., & Bickel, H. (2010). Prediction of dementia by subjective memory impairment: Effects of severity and temporal association with cognitive impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(4), 414-422.
Jessen, F., Amariglio, R. E., Van Boxtel, M., Breteler, M., Ceccaldi, M., Chételat, G., ..., & Wagner, M. (2014). A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s &Dementia, 10(6), 844-852.
Joubert, C., Davidson, P. S., & Chainay, H. (2018). When do older adults show a positivity effect in emotional memory?. Experimental Aging Research, 44(5), 455-468.
Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Age differences in memory for arousing and nonarousing emotional words. The Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63B(1), 13-18.
Kensinger, E. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2006). Processing emotional pictures and words:Effects of valence and arousal. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(2), 110-126.
Kensinger, E. A., Brierley, B., Medford, N., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (2002). Effects of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease on emotional memory. Emotion, 2(2), 118-134.
Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words?. Memory & Cognition, 31(8), 1169-1180.
Kielb, S., Rogalski, E., Weintraub, S., & Rademaker, A. (2017). Objective features of subjective cognitive decline in a United States national database. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 13(12), 1337-1344.
Knight, B. G., Maines, M. L., & Robinson, G. S. (2002). The effects of sad mood on memory in older adults: A test of the mood congruence effect. Psychology and Aging, 17(4), 653-661.
Knight, M., Seymour, T. L., Gaunt, J. T., Baker, C., Nesmith, K., & Mather, M. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7(4), 705-714.
Koppara, A., Wagner, M., Lange, C., Ernst, A., Wiese, B., König, H. H., ..., & Jessen, F. (2015). Cognitive performance before and after the onset of subjective cognitive decline in old age. Alzheimer‘s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment &Disease Monitoring, 1(2), 194-205.
Krasuski, J. S., Alexander, G. E., Horwitz, B., Daly, E. M., Murphy, D. G., Rapoport, S. I., & Schapiro, M. B. (1998). Volumes of medial temporal lobe structures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment (and in healthy controls). Biological Psychiatry, 43(1), 60-68.
Kwon, Y., Scheibe, S., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., Tsai, J. L., & Carstensen, L. L. (2009). Replicating the positivity effect in picture memory in Koreans: Evidence for cross-cultural generalizability. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 748-754.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1995). The international affective picture system (IAPS): Photographic slides. Gainesville, FL: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
Langeslag, S. J., & van Strien, J. W. (2009). Aging and emotional memory: The co-occurrence of neurophysiological and behavioral positivity effects. Emotion, 9(3), 369-377.
Lantrip, C., & Huang, J. H. (2017). Cognitive control of emotion in older adults: A review. Clinical Psychiatry, 3(1), 1-6.
Lawton, M. P. (1989). Environmental proactivity and affect in older people. In S. Spacapan, & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of aging (pp. 135-163). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Leigland, L. A., Schulz, L. E., & Janowsky, J. S. (2004). Age related changes in emotional memory. Neurobiology of Aging, 25(8), 1117-1124.
Lezak, M. D,, Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Mah, L., Anderson, N. D., Verhoeff, N. P. L., & Pollock, B. G. (2017). Negative emotional verbal memory biases in mild cognitive impairment and late-onset depression. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(10), 1160-1170.
Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults’emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 554-570.
Mather, M., & Knight, M. R. (2006). Angry faces get noticed quickly: Threat detection is not impaired among older adults. The Journal of Gerontology:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61B(1), 54-57.
Mendonca, M. D., Alves, L., & Bugalho, P. (2016). From subjective cognitive complaints to dementia: Who is at risk?:A systematic review. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 31(2), 105-114.
Mori, E., Ikeda, M., Hirono, N., Kitagaki, H., Imamura, T., & Shimomura, T. (1999). Amygdalar volume and emotional memory in Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(2), 216-222.
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., ..., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695-699.
Nelson, D. L. (1979). Remembering pictures and words: Appearance, significance, and name. In L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 45-76). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Pachana, N. A., Byrne, G. J., Siddle, H., Koloski, N., Harley, E., & Arnold, E. (2007). Development and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. International Psychogeriatrics, 19(1), 103-114.
Paivio, A. (1975). Coding distinctions and repetition effects in memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 179-214). New York:Academic Press.
Perrotin, A., Mormino, E. C., Madison, C. M., Hayenga, A. O., & Jagust, W. J. (2012). Subjective cognition and amyloid deposition imaging: A Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography study in normal elderly individuals. Archives of Neurology, 69(2), 223-229.
Polcher, A., Frommann, I., Koppara, A., Wolfsgruber, S., Jessen, F., & Wagner, M. (2017). Face-name associative recognition deficits in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 56(3), 1185-1196.
Poulin, S. P., Dautoff, R., Morris, J. C., Barrett, L. F., Dickerson, B. C., &Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2011). Amygdala atrophy is prominent in early Alzheimer’s disease and relates to symptom severity. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 194(1), 7-13.
Rami, L., Mollica, M. A., García-Sanchez, C., Saldaña, J., Sanchez, B., Sala, I., ..., & Molinuevo, J. L. (2014). The Subjective Cognitive Decline Questionnaire (SCD-Q):A validation study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 41(2), 453-466.
Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1-15.
Saykin, A. J., Wishart, H. A., Rabin, L. A., Santulli, R. B., Flashman, L. A., West, J. D., ..., & Mamourian, A. C. (2006). Older adults with cognitive complaints show brain atrophy similar to that of amnestic MCI. Neurology, 67(5), 834-842.
Scheef, L., Spottke, A., Daerr, M., Joe, A., Striepens, N., Kölsch, H., ..., & Jessen, F. (2012). Glucose metabolism, gray matter structure, and memory decline in subjective memory impairment. Neurology, 79(13), 1332-1339.
Seow, D., & Gauthier, S. (2007). Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer disease. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(10), 620-629.
Smith, J., Fleeson, W., Geiselmann, B., Settersten Jr, R. A. Jr., & Kunzmann, U. (1999). Sources of well-being in very old age. In P. B. Baltes & K. U. Mayer (Eds.), The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100 (pp. 450-471). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Spaniol, J., Voss, A., & Grady, C. L. (2008). Aging and emotional memory: Cognitive mechanisms underlying the positivity effect. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 859-872.
Tepest, R., Wang, L., Csernansky, J. G., Neubert, P., Heun, R., Scheef, L., & Jessen, F. (2008). Hippocampal surface analysis in subjective memory impairment, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 26(4), 323-329.
Thomas, R. C., & Hasher, L. (2006). The influence of emotional valence on age differences in early processing and memory. Psychology and Aging, 21(4), 821-825.
van der Flier, W. M., van Buchem, M. A., Weverling-Rijnsburger, A. W., Mutsaers, E. R., Bollen, E. L., Admiraal-Behloul, F., ..., & Middelkoop, H. A. (2004). Memory complaints in patients with normal cognition are associated with smaller hippocampal volumes. Journal of Neurology, 251(6), 671-675.
Wang, P., Li, J., Li, H., Li, B., Jiang, Y., Bao, F., & Zhang, S. (2013). Is emotional memory enhancement preserved in amnestic mild cognitive impairment? Evidence from separating recollection and familiarity. Neuropsychology, 27(6), 691-701.
Werheid, K., Gruno, M., Kathmann, N., Fischer, H., Almkvist, O., & Winblad, B. (2010). Biased recognition of positive faces in aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 1-15.
Wolfsgruber, S., Kleineidam, L., Wagner, M., Mösch, E., Bickel, H., Lühmann, D., ..., & Jessen, F. (2016). Differential risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease dementia in stable versus unstable patterns of subjective cognitive decline. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 54(3), 1135-1146.
Wolfsgruber, S., Polcher, A., Koppara, A., Kleineidam, L., Frölich, L., Peters, O., ..., & Wagner, M. (2017). Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and clinical progression in patients with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 58(3), 939-950.
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale:A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49.