ISSN : 1229-0718
This study aimed to examine the effect of preparation for old age on the psychological well-being of middle-aged adults and evaluate the serial multiple mediating effects of aging anxiety and perceived stress in the relationship between preparation for old age and psychological well-being based on the perspective of life span development theory that successful accomplishment of developmental tasks affects successful adaptation. A total of 353 middle-aged adults (165 male, 198 female) aged 40 to 65 years completed questionnaires. Results from the analysis using PROCESS macro showed that as the degree of preparation for aging increased also increased the psychological well-being of participants. In addition, the simple and serial mediating effects of aging anxiety and perceived stress were confirmed regarding the relationship between preparation for old age and psychological well-being. This means that the higher the level of preparation for old age of middle-aged adults, the lower the anxiety about aging, which contributes to lowering the perception of stress and as a result, the psychological well-being increases. Results from this study confirm the importance of preparation for old age to improve the psychological well-being of middle-aged adults. Interventions to prepare these adults for old age and increase their psychological well-being should be focused on aging anxiety and perceived stress. Finally, the implications, limitations of this study and follow-up studies are discussed.
강문희, 고희성, 이지혜 (2019). 정신질환자의 노화 불안과 주관적 안녕감. 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 19(1), 329-338.
강해자 (2012). 노인의 노화불안이 성공적 노화에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 독거노인과 비독거노인 비교를 중심으로. 노인복지연구, 57(1), 191-220.
김경희, 김주현, 이동숙, 윤성자, 장경실, 이선기 (2018). 간호사들의 은퇴준비도에 은퇴태도와 은퇴스트레스가 미치는 영향. 스트레스硏究, 26(1), 18-24.
김명소, 김혜원, 차경호 (2001). 심리적 안녕감의 구성개념분석: 한국 성인 남녀를 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 15(2), 19-39.
김민희, 강현주 (2017). 상담 분야에서 중년기 대상 연구 동향: 국내 주요 상담학술지를 중심으로 (2000년∼ 2016년). 인문사회 21, 8(2), 1013-1029.
김욱 (2010). 한국노인과 미국노인의 노화불안 비교연구. 노인복지연구, 47(1), 71-94.
김윤정, 최윤희 (2004). 중년기 부부의 결혼만족도가 노후준비도에 미치는 영향. 노인복지연구, 24(2), 197-213.
김은심, 김영춘 (2019). 중년기의 노후 준비행동에 관한 연구. 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지, 9(11), 879-891.
김정선, 강숙 (2012). 베이비붐세대의 자녀돌봄부담감, 노화불안, 노후준비 및 삶의 질. 한국보건간호학회지, 26(3), 440-452.
김재희, 김욱 (2015). 노화불안이 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향: 청년, 중년, 노년 집단 비교. 노인복지연구, 68(2), 187-216.
김향은, 정옥분 (1992). 정년퇴직을 앞둔 중년 남성의 심리적 불안. 대한가정학회지, 30(2), 159-170.
박수애, 송관재 (2005). 사회적 불안이 개인의 심리적 적응에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 11(2), 1-29.
박창제 (2008). 중ㆍ고령자의 경제적 노후준비와 결정요인. 한국사회복지학, 60(3), 275-297.
박현식 (2012). 베이비부머의 노후준비와 성공적 노후 관계 연구. 노인복지연구, 58(4), 281-302.
배문조 (2012). 성인들의 노화사실인지에 따른 노후준비의식과 성공적 노화에 대한 인식. 노인복지연구, 58(4), 111-131.
서영석 (2010). 상담심리 연구에서 매개효과와 조절효과 검증: 개념적 구분 및 자료 분석 시 고려 사항. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 22(4), 1147-1168.
서은희, 최지연, 정영숙 (2018). 중년 여성의 노화불안과 미래 시간 조망 및 행복의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 31(2), 21-40.
송양민, 유경 (2011). 죽음준비교육이 노인의 죽음 불안과 생활만족도, 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 효과 연구. 노인복지연구, 54(4), 111-134.
안현선, 김효민, 안진경, 김양희 (2009). 중년기 여성의 노후준비도와 성공적 노후에 대한 인식이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향. 한국가족자원경영학회지, 13(3), 137-155.
염인숙 (2019). 중장년층의 노후준비가 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향: 자기효능감의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 19(10), 472-486.
유현석, 염시창 (2019). 초등학생의 수학 인식론적 신념과 시험불안의 관계에서 수학 시험준비전략의 조절효과 분석. 한국초등수학교육학회지, 23(4), 365-382.
이소정 (2009). 우리나라 중장년층의 노후준비에 관한 인식과 정책적 함의. 보건복지포럼, 147(1), 72-80.
이윤경, 김현리 (2014). 간호대학생의 불안 및 지각 된 스트레스 경험과 자아탄력성과의 관계. 한국산학기술학회 논문지, 15(4), 1953-1962.
장혜경 (2020). 중년여성의 노화 불안과 주관적 안녕과의 관계: 긍정적 사고와 사회적 지지의 매개효과. 보건정보통계학회지, 45(3), 223-230.
장휘숙 (2012). 대학생과 노인의 노화불안과 특성 불안 및 5 요인 성격특성의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 25(1), 1-18.
전혜성 (2014). 내외통제성과 노화불안이 중년기 성인의 노후준비에 미치는 영향. 디지털융복합연구, 12(10), 571-576.
전호선, 주현정 (2019). 중년직장인의 건강상태, 노후준비가 노화불안에 미치는 영향. 디지털융복합연구, 17(11), 315-325.
정유미, 강양희 (2015). 창원시 베이비부머 세대의 직장만족과 삶의 질과의 관계 연구: 노후준비의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국산학기술학회 논문지, 16(2), 1084-1091.
지연경, 조병은 (1991). 내외통제성 및 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각과 생활만족도. 대한가정학회지, 29(2), 217-240.
차승은, 한경혜 (2003). 직업, 가족 그리고 중년기 신체적 건강-남녀 차이를 중심으로. 가족과 문화, 15(2), 2-2.
최영미, 최성희, 안옥희 (2019). 중년여성의 노화불안, 성공적노화가 노후준비에 미치는 영향. 근관절건강학회지, 26(3), 175-183.
통계청 (2020). 사회통합실태조사. http:// kosis.kr/statisticsList.
하 정, 안현의 (2013). 지각된 스트레스, 불안, 문제성 인터넷 사용과의 관계에서 걱정에 대한 상위인지의 다중매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 25(2), 251-273.
한 경, 임 정, 연 강, 이재온 (2002). 중년기 남성의 스트레스 갱년기 증상. 지역사회간호학회지, 13(3), 513-522.
황승회, 김혜연 (2014). 중년기여성의 노후준비도 및 노후생활교육 프로그램 요구도 연구. 한국가정관리학회지, 32(6), 73-87.
Adams, G. A., & Rau, B. L. (2011). Putting off tomorrow to do what you want today: Planning for retirement. American Psychologist, 66 (3), 180-192.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barrett, A. E., & Robbins, C. (2008). The multiple sources of women's aging anxiety and their relationship with psychological distress. Journal of Aging and Health, 20(1), 32-65.
Bode, C., de Ridder, D. T., & Bensing, J. M. (2006). Preparing for aging: Development, feasibility and preliminary results of an educational program for midlife and older based on proactive coping theory. Patient Education and Counseling, 61(2), 272-278.
Bonsang, E., & Costa-Font, J. (2020). Behavioral regularities in old age planning. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 173(5), 297-300.
Borland, J. (1978). Teacher identification of the gifted: A new look. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 2(1), 22-32.
Burns, R. A., & Machin, M. A. (2013). Psychological wellbeing and the diathesisstress hypothesis model: The role of psychological functioning and quality of relations in promoting subjective wellbeing in a life events study. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(3), 321-326.
Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1987). Anticipatory anxiety and risk perception. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11(5), 551-565.
Chwalisz, K. (1992). Perceived stress and caregiver burden after brain injury: A theoretical integration. Rehabilitation Psychology, 37(3), 189-203.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 24 (4), 385-396.
Connolly-Zubot, A., Timulak, L., Hession, N., & Coleman, N. (2020). Emotion-focused therapy for anxiety and depression in women with breast cancer. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 50(2), 113-122.
Divinakumar, K. J., Pookala, S. B., & Das, R. C. (2014). Perceived stress, psychological well-being and burnout among female nurses working in government hospitals. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2(4), 1511-1515.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Fan, X. G., Yang, H., & Gao, P. F. (2014). Through-process macro-micro finite element modeling of local loading forming of large-scale complex titanium alloy component for microstructure prediction. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 214(2), 253-266.
Froidevaux, A., Hirschi, A., & Wang, M. (2016). The role of mattering as an overlooked key challenge in retirement planning and adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94(1), 57-69.
Havighurst, R. J., & Glasser, R. (1972). An exploratory study of reminiscence. Journal of Gerontology, 27(2), 245-253.
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
Huppert, J. D., Pasupuleti, R. V., Foa, E. B., & Mathews, A. (2007). Interpretation biases in social anxiety: Response generation, response selection, and self-appraisals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1505-1515.
Hutteman, R., Hennecke, M., Orth, U., Reitz, A. K., & Specht, J. (2014). Developmental tasks as a framework to study personality development in adulthood and old age. European Journal of Personality, 28(3), 267-278.
Kahana, E., Kelley-Moore, J., & Kahana, B. (2012). Proactive aging: A longitudinal study of stress, resources, agency, and well-being in late life. Aging and Mental Health, 16(4), 438-451.
Keyes, C. L. M., & Ryff, C. D. (1999). Psychological well-being in midlife. In Life in the middle (pp. 161-180). Academic Press.
Kim, J. E., & Moen, P. (2001). Moving into retirement: Preparation and transitions in late midlife. In M. E. Lachman (Ed.), Wiley series on adulthood and aging. Handbook of midlife development (p. 487-527). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kornadt, A. E., & Rothermund, K. (2014). Preparation for old age in different life domains: Dimensions and age differences. International Journal of BehavioralDevelopment, 38(3), 228-238.
Kornadt, A. E., Voss, P., & Rothermund, K. (2015). Hope for the best, prepare for the worst? Future self-views and preparation for age-related changes. Psychology and Aging, 30(4), 967-976.
Kornadt, A. E., Voss, P., & Rothermund, K. (2018). Subjective remaining lifetime and concreteness of the future as differential predictors of preparation for age-related changes. European Journal of Ageing, 15(1), 67-76.
Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 305-331.
Lachman, M. E. (2015). Mind the gap in the middle: A call to study midlife. Research in Human Development, 12(3-4), 327-334.
Lasher, K. P., & Faulkender, P. J. (1993). Measurement of aging anxiety: Development of the anxiety about aging scale. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37(4), 247-259.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company, New York.
Lee, E. H. (2012). Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. Asian Nursing Research, 6(4), 121-127.
Lenzen, M. J., Gamel, C. J., & Immink, A. W. (2002). Anxiety and well-being in first-time coronary angioplasty patients and repeaters. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 1(3), 195-201.
Löckenhoff, C. E. (2012). Understanding retirement: The promise of life-span developmental frameworks. European Journal of Ageing, 9 (3), 227-231.
Lynch, S. M. (2000). Measurement and prediction of aging anxiety. Research on Aging, 22(5), 533-558.
MacEwen, K. E., Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & Higginbottom, S. F. (1995). Predicting retirement anxiety: The roles of parental socialization and personal planning. The Journal of Social psychology, 135(2), 203-213.
Pinquart, M., Silbereisen, R. K., & Wiesner, M. (2004). Changes in discrepancies between desired and present states of developmental tasks in adolescence: A 4-process model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(6), 467-477.
Potočnik, K., Tordera, N., & Peiró, J. M. (2010). The influence of the early retirement process on satisfaction with early retirement and psychological well-being. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 70(3), 251-273.
Rusli, B. N., Edimansyah, B. A., & Naing, L. (2008). Working conditions, self-perceived stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life: a structural equation modelling approach. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 48-60.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Sabet, A. H., Khalatbari, J., Ghorbani, M. A., Haghighi, M., & Ahmadpanah, M. (2013). Group training of stress management vs. group cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing depression, anxiety and perceived stress among HIV-positive men. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7(1), 4-8.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3-4), 296-303.
Sörensen, S., Mak, W., Chapman, B., Duberstein, P. R., & Lyness, J. M. (2012). The relationship of preparation for future care to depression and anxiety in older primary care patients at 2-year followup. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(10), 887-894.
Spiegel, P. E., & Shultz, K. S. (2003). The influence of preretirement planning and transferability of skills on naval officers' retirement satisfaction and adjustment. Military psychology, 15(4), 285-307.
Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (2000). Social phobia and interpretation of social events. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(3), 273-283.
Street, D., & Desai, S. (2011). Planning for old age. In Handbook of sociology of aging (pp. 379-397). Springer, New York, NY.
Taylor, A. B., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2012). Four applications of permutation methods to testing a single-mediator model. Behavior Research Methods, 44 (3), 806-844.
Taylor, M. A., & Schaffer, M. (2013). Planning and adaptation to retirement: The post-retirement environment, change management resources, and needoriented factors as moderators. In M. Wang (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of retirement (p. 249-266). Oxford University Press.
Topa, G., Moriano, J. A., Depolo, M., Alcover, C. M., & Moreno, A. (2011). Retirement and wealth relationships: Meta-analysis and SEM. Research on Aging, 33(5), 501-528.
Wahl, H. W., Diehl, M., Brothers, A., & Miche, M. (2015). The role of subjective aging within the changing ecologies of aging: Perspectives for research and practice. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 35(1), 211-245.
Wang, M., & Shultz, K. S. (2010). Employee retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Journal of Management, 36(1), 172-206.
Watkins, R. E., Coates, R., & Ferroni, P. (1998). Measurement of aging anxiety in an elderly Australian population. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 46(4), 319-332.
Xia, Y., & Ma, Z. (2020). Social integration, perceived stress, locus of control, and psychological wellbeing among Chinese emerging adult migrants: A conditionalprocess analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267(15), 9-16.