본 연구는 커플 관계에서의 공감을 측정하기 위한 이자간 공감 척도(dyadic empathic scale)의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하고자 하였다. 해외의 커플용 대인관계반응 척도(Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples: IRIC)를 국내 번안하였으며, 그 과정에서 자기보고 방식(IRIC self-reported: IRICS)뿐만 아니라 파트너평정 방식(IRIC Other-rating: IRICO)을 함께 제작함으로써 기존 IRIC가 가진 제한점을 보완하고 커플의 행위자 효과(actor effect)와 파트너 효과(partner effect)를 동시에 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 연인 및 부부를 대상으로 커플적응 척도(Dyadic Adjustment Scale), 대인관계반응 척도(Interpersonal Reactivity Index), 커플용 대인관계반응 척도-자기보고 방식(IRICS), 커플용 대인관계반응 척도-파트너평정 방식(IRICO)을 실시하였으며, 수집된 295쌍(590명)의 쌍자료를 바탕으로 분석을 진행하였다. 그 결과, IRICS와 IRICO 모두 안정적인 2요인 구조를 가지고 있으며, 남-녀 집단 및 부부-연인 집단에게 동일하게 적용 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 적절한 수준의 신뢰도를 보여주었으며, 수렴 및 변별 타당도, 공시타당도, 증분타당도가 지지되는 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로, 커플 관계 속 공감 격차(empathy gap) 및 남녀의 공감 양상의 차이를 논의하고, 본 연구의 제한점과 후속 연구 방향을 제언하였다.
The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the dyadic empathic scale, measuring empathy expressed in couples. Therefore, we developed Korean version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples(IRIC). Especially, to improve and complement original IRIC, we made both self-reported version and other-rating version of IRIC(IRICS & IRICO). So we could construct dyadic data and examine the actor effect as well as the partner effect in couples. Married or dating 295 couples(N=590) completed Korean self-reported and other-rating version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples(IRICS & IRICO) and other measures of relationship satisfaction and general empathy. As a results, a 2-factor structure and measurement invariance(between males and females & between married and dating group) of IRICS and IRICO was supported. Also, good convergent, discriminant, concurrent, and incremental validity as well as adequate internal consistency was showed. In conclusion, on the basis of above findings, the significance and limitation of this study were discussed and the future research direction was proposed.
김복태 (2001). 성별과 성역할 고정관념에 따른 공감능력 및 성폭력 사건 지각의 차이. 사회과학연구논집, 27(3), 249-268.
김용희 (2007). 공감능력과 관련된 성격특성및 성차. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 12(3), 573-585.
김현주, 안현의 (2009). 공감능력과 결혼만족도의 관계에서 용서의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(1), 157-174.
김희진 (2005). 결혼초기 부부관계향상 프로그램 개발에 관한 연구-긍정주의 심리치료접근 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 17(4), 877-906.
박성희 (1994). 공감․공감적 이해. 서울: 원미사.
송정아 (1994). 중년기 부부관계 향상 프로그램 개발. 한국가정관리학회지, 14(1), 113-130.
이민식, 김중술 (1996). 부부적응척도(Dyadic Adjustment Scale)의 표준화 예비연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 15(1), 129-140.
정경아, 김봉환 (2010). 성인애착, 공감능력 및결혼만족도 간의 관계. 인간이해, 31(1), 89-104.
조현, 최승미, 오현주, 권정혜 (2011). 한국판부부적응척도 단축형의 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(3), 655-670.
최현옥, 김혜리 (2010). 대학생의 마음읽기 능력과 공감하기-체계화하기 성향의 성차와전공차. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 23(1), 119-139.
최혜경, 노치영, 박의순 (1994). 결혼초기 부부를 위한 교육프로그램의 구성. 한국가정관리학회지, 12(1), 171-180.
홍세희, 황매향, 이은설 (2005). 청소년용 여성진로장벽 척도의 잠재평균분석. 교육심리연구, 19(4), 1159-1177.
Ariely, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2006). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 87-98
Bailey, R. C., & Kelley, M. (1984). Perceived physical attractiveness in early, steady and engaged daters. The Journal of Psychology, 116, 39-43.
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163-175.
Bernstein, W. M., & Davis, M. H. (1982). Perspective-taking, self-consciousness, and accuracy in person perception. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 1-19.
Birchler, G. R., Weiss, R. L., & Vincent, J. P. (1975). Multimethod analysis of social reinforcement exchange between maritally distressed and nondistressed spouse and stranger dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 349-360.
Busby, D. M., & Gardner, B. C. (2008). How do I analyze thee? let me count the ways:Considering empathy in couple relationships using self and partner ratings. Family Process, 47, 229-242.
Busby, D. M., Holman, T. B., & Taniguchi, N. (2001). RELATE: Relationship evaluation of the individual, family, cultural, and couple contexts. Family Relations, 50, 308-316.
Cheung, G. W., Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255.
Cliffordson, C. (2001). Parents' judgments and students' self-judgments of empathy: The structure of empathy and agreement of judgments based on the interpersonal reactivity index(IRI). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 36-47.
Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85-103.
Davis, M. H., Hull, J. G., Young, R. D., & Warren, G. G. (1987). Emotional reactions to dramatic film stimuli: The influence of cognitive and emotional empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 126-133.
Davis, M. H., & Oathout, H. A. (1987). Maintenance of satisfaction in romantic relationships: Empathy and relational competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 397-410.
Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100-131.
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R., & Baucom, D. H. (1987). Attribution processes in distressed and nondistressed couples: IV. Self-partner attribution differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 739-748.
Gilhotra, J. (1993). The concepts of selfobject function and empathy in couples therapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 294-297.
Gottman, J. M. (1999). The marriage clinic: A scientifically-based marital therapy. New York: W. W. Norton.
Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 845-857.
Hodgkins, M., Albert, D., & Daltroy, L. (1985). Comparing patients and their physicians’assessment of pain. Pain, 23, 273-277.
Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition and behavior (pp. 103-131). Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 712-722.
Ickes, W. (2001). Measuring empathic accuracy. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 219-241). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ickes, W., Gesn, P. R., & Graham, T. (2000). Gender differences in empathic accuracy:Differential ability or differential motivation?. Personal Relationships, 7, 95-109.
Ickes, W., Stinson, L., Bissonnette, V., & Garcia, S. (1990). Naturalistic social cognition:Empathic accuracy in mixed-sex dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 730-742.
John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1994). Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 206-219.
Kappesser, J., Williams, A., & Prkachin, K. M. (2006). Testing two accounts of pain underestimation. Pain, 124, 109-116.
Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York:Guilford Press.
Kilpatrick, S. D., Bissonnette, V. L., & Rusbult, C. E. (2002). Empathic accuracy and accommodative behavior among newly married couples. Personal Relationships, 9, 369-393.
Klein, K. J., & Hodges, S. D. (2001). Gender differences, motivation, and empathic accuracy:When it pays to understand. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 720-730.
Larson, J. H., Anderson, S. M., Holman, T. B., & Niemann, B. K. (1998). A longitudinal study of the effects of premarital communication, relationship stability, and self-esteem on sexual satisfaction in the first year of marriage. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 24, 193-206.
Loewenstein, G. (1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 272-292.
Loewenstein, G. (2005). Hot-cold empathy gaps and medical decision making. Health Psychology, 24, S49-S56.
Long, E. C. J. (1990). Measuring dyadic perspective taking: Two scales for assessing perspective taking in marriage and similar dyads. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50, 91-103.
Long, E. C. J. (1993a). Maintaining a stable marriage: Perspective taking as a predictor of a propensity to divorce. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 21, 121-138.
Long, E. C. J. (1993b). Perspective taking differences between high and low adjustment marriages: Implication for those in intervention. American Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 248-260.
Long, E. C. J., & Andrews, D. W. (1990). Perspective taking as a predictor of marital adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 126-131.
Long, E. C. J., Angera, J. J., Carter, S. J., Nakamoto, M., & Kalso, M. (1999). Understanding the one you love: A longitudinal assessment of an empathy training program for couples in romantic relationships. Family Relations, 48, 235-242.
Markman, H. J., & Notarius, C. I. (1987). Coding marital and family interaction: Current status. In T. Jacob (Ed.), Family interaction and psychopathology: Theories, methods, and findings. New York: Plenum Press.
Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525-543.
Miczo, N., Sergin, C., & Allspach, L. E. (2001). Relationship between nonverbal sensitivity, encoding, and relational satisfaction. Communication Reports, 14, 39-48.
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (1996). The self-fulfilling nature of positive illusions in romantic relationships: Love is not blind, but prescient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1155-1180.
Nordgren, L. F., Banas, K., & MacDonald, G. (2011). Empathy gaps for social pain: why people underestimate the pain of social suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 120-128.
Nordgren, L. F., van Harreveld, F., & van der Pligt, J. (2009). The restraint bias: How the illusion of self-restraint promotes impulsive behavior. Psychological Science, 20, 1523-1528.
Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy, and rumination: A longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 368-378.
Péloquin, K., & Lafontaine, M. F. (2010). Measuring empathy in couples: Validity and reliability of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 146-157.
Pistrang, N., Picciotto, A., & Baker, C. (2001). The communication of empathy in couples during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 615-637.
Rusbult, C. E., Lange, P. A., Wildschut, T., Yovetich, N. A., & Verette, J. (2000). Perceived superiority in close relationships:Why it exists and persists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 521-545.
Rusbult, C. E., Verette, J., Whitney, G. A., Slovik, L. F., & Lipkus, I. (1991). Accommodation processes in close relationships: Theory and preliminary empirical evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 53-78.
Saffrey, C., Bartholomew, K., Scharfe, E., Henderson, A. J., & Koopman, R. (2003). Self- and partner-perceptions of interpersonal problems and relationship functioning. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 117-139.
Simpson, J. A., Orina, M. M., & Ickes, W. (2003). When accuracy hurts, and when it helps: A test of the empathic accuracy model in marital interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 881-893.
Simpson, J. A., Ickes, W., & Blackstone, T. (1995). When the head protects the heart:Empathic accuracy in dating relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 629.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15-28.
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental healthy. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
Thomas, G., Fletcher, G. J., & Lange, C. (1997). On-line empathic accuracy in marital interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 839-850.
Trommsdorff, G., & John, H. (1992). Decoding affective communication in intimate relationships. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 41-55.
Van Boven, L., Loewenstein, G., & Dunning, D. (2005). The illusion of courage in social predictions: Underestimating the impact of fear of embarrassment on other people. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 96, 130-141.
