The present study investigated the influence of pupil size on attractiveness and the gender effect in its influence. For this aim, two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, after subjects viewed 12 pairs of male and female faces(real person / cartoon character person) that were identical except for the size of pupil, they judged more attractive one. The results showed that female preferred the faces with larger pupil as more attractive. However, male did not show that kind of difference. The procedure of Experiment 2 was the same as that of Experiment 1 except for the target's age(20s & 60s / all of the stimuli were real person/ 16 pairs of male and female faces). The result showed the gender effect was the same with Experiment 1. Moreover, the target's age effect was found. The result suggests that faces with lager pupil is more attractive but its effect is consistently find out the perceiver who is woman. Implications and limits of the study are discussed.
This study investigated gender differences in contribution of antisocial personality and affective empathy to psychopathy. Two hundred fifteen college students (male, 118; female,97) completed three measures including the PPI-R(Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised), the PAI-ANT(Personality Assessment Inventory-Antisocial Features), and the EETS (Emotional Empathy Tendency Scale). According to the results, the mean scores of PPI-R and EETS in male group were higher than in female group. Antisocial features were positively associated with psychopathy in both male and female groups and negatively with affective empathy. Males showed that the scores of affective empathy were negatively associated with those of antisocial features and psychopath. Females showed that the scores of affective empathy were negatively associated with those of antisocial personality and psychopathy but the correlation was significant only with the scores of antisocial behavior (ANT-A). To scrutinize the differences between male and female groups, the scores on the PAI and EETS were compared between 30% upper and 30% lower groups based on the scores of the PPI-R. According to the results, the upper group of the scores on the PPI had higher scores on the PAI and lower scores on the EETS. The differences of the scores on the EETS between high-psychopathy and low-Psychopathy groups were bigger in male group than in female group. Explanations and implications of the results were discussed and the directions of the future studies were suggested.
Until recent researches, Sexual behavior, sexual functioning and emotional experience were regarded as key factors for satisfying sexual life. While the sexual script theory emphasized on constructing the co-enjoyable and co-satisfying sexual script between couple for it. On the basis of the sexual script theory, this study was to develope the co-constructive sexual index(for short, the sexual index) that measures and diagnoses psychological abilities essential to the construction of a co-satisfying sexual script. Specifically, pre-studies(open-ended questionnaire, FGI, literature survey) were conducted to explore psychological abilities for satisfying sexual life. As a results, 5 psychological abilities - awareness of sexual self, expression of sexual self, sexual conflict solving ability, sexual communication ability and sexual beliefs - were extracted. Based on this result, main study was carried out to develope the co-constructive sexual index and to validate it. Three hundreds and twenty eight married persons(male: 179, female, 198) were responded to a questionnaire consisted of 61 sexual index questions, sexual satisfaction scales and 8 sexual behavior questions. First, a factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to extract constructs of the sexual index from 61 questions. The result were shown that the sexual index had acceptable 4 factors, including exploration ability of sexual self, awareness of sexual self, sexual beliefs and sexual conflict solving ability. Second, a correlation analysis was performed to investigate the validation of the sexual index. In result, it was revealed that the sexual index was highly correlated with sexual satisfaction scales and sexual behaviors. Third, through a regression analysis, the explanatory variance of sexual index on sexual satisfaction scales was compared to that of sexual behavior to verify the function of sexual index. The results demonstrated that the sexual index was more powerful explanatory variable on them than sexual behaviors. The theoretical and the practical implications of these findings were discussed.
According to Baron-Cohen(2003), individual differences between male and female, and between science and humanities students could be explained by two psychological dimensions: empathizing and systemizing. Systemizing is the drive to analyse systems or construct systems, and held to be our most powerful way of understanding and predicting the law-governed inanimate universe. Empathizing is the drive to identify mental states and respond to these with an appropriate emotion, and held to be our most powerful way of understanding and predicting social world. In this study, sex and major differences of empathizing and systemizing were tested with Korean university students. 374 university students in the sciences major and the humanities major were given self-report questionnaires assessing the systemizing and empathizing tendencies: SQ and EQ. There were significant sex and major differences on the empathizing quotient and systemizing quotient. On the EQ, females scored significantly higher than males, but on the SQ, males and science students scored significantly higher than females and humanities students. In addition, more females and humanities students were categorized as the “empathizer” in whom empathizing is stronger than systemizing, but more males and science students were as the “systemizer” in whom systemizing is stronger than empathizing. there The results indicated that males and the individuals in the sciences were more systemizing-driven than emapthizing-driven, whereas females and the individuals in humanities were emapthizing-driven than systemizing-driven. In addition, the systemizers scored significantly higher than the empatizer on the AQ, suggesting that people with high systemizing have higher levels of autistic features.
The present study assessed visual reaction time as a measure of sexual interest in self-identified heterosexual men and women. Data collected from 92 college students(42 males and 50 females; age M=18.74, SD=.92). Participants rated sexual attractiveness of each picture while the length of time they spent time each picture was unobtrusively measured. According to the results, there is sex difference of visual reaction time on picture types. Men viewed opposite sex pictures significantly longer than same sex pictures, while there is no significant difference for women. Men viewed adult pictures significantly longer than child pictures, while there is no significant difference for women. Men viewed opposite sex pictures significantly longer than did women. Women viewed same sex pictures significantly longer than did men. Ratings of sexual attractiveness and visual reaction time were positively correlated. Women reported significantly more psychological comfort while they looked at each picture than did men.