Because female students are affected by sex greatly, more studies for non-traditional career choice women are needed. Most people considered engineering career as nontraditional career choice for women, whereas humanities as traditional career choice for women. Therefore, this study explored the differences between female students in college of engineering and those in college of humanities. 101 female students in college of engineering and 100 female students in college of humanities participated in this study. The survey included sex role identity, career decision, career preparation, self efficacy, and some demographic items. The results showed as follow. First, engineering students had higher masculinity than humanities students. Second, there were no significant differences in career decision and career preparation between engineering students and humanities students. Third, there were no differences on parent's educational levels whereas there were slight differences of father's majors between engineering students and humanities students. Fourth, there were differences between engineering students and humanities students with the effects of masculinity and self efficacy on career maturity. fifth, the results supported the hypotheses that majors would moderate the relationship between self efficacy and career maturity. In humanities students, self efficacy exerted significant effect on career decision, while in engineering students, self efficacy had strong effect on career preparation. Finally, limitations and suggestions for future research were discussed.
Multiculturalsim becomes the salient issue in Korea. The purpose of this study was to analyze the various factors influencing the depression and anxiety among foreign wives through marriage migration. The survey had been carried out for 184 foreign wives. these wives were those who came from China, Vietnam, Phillippines, Mongolia, Japan. The total amount of depression was 2.6%, and anxiety was 3.3%. The potential predictive variables were the followings; age, length of stay, race/ethnicity, difference in husband age, satisfaction with husband, perceived social support and acculturative stress. The significant influencing factors on depression were satisfaction with husband and acculturative atress. The more they were satisfied about their husband the less they were depressed. The more they had acculturative stress the more they were depressed. The significant influencing factors on anxiety were satisfaction with husband, acculturative stress. race/ethnicity, and length of stay. The more they were satisfied about husband, the lower their anxiety level was. The more they got acculturative stress, the higher their anxiety level was. The results showed that foriegn wives had not significant difference with depression and anxiety among residence religion, occupation, family income. however there was significant difference with anxiety among ethnic. Phillippines wives had higher anxiety level than Vietnam, Mongolia, and Japan wives.
The current study was conducted to explore the relations among college students' career decision-making self-efficacy, parent attachment, and career attitude maturity. This study investigated how parental attachment and career decision self-efficacy variables relate to career maturity variables. The sample of the present study consisted of 519 college students (235 males and 284 females). The participants completed questionnaires of parent attachment (IPPA-R), career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSES-SF), and career maturity. The results showed as follows. First, there were significant differences between male and female students on sub-factors of career attitude maturity. Second, a series of regression analyses revealed that several sub-scales of attachment to father and mother and career decision self-efficacy factors affected career maturity. Third, according to the result of multi-regression analysis, career decision-making self-efficacy predicted the students' career attitude maturity. Especifically, the attachment to mother had effects on two sub-factors of career attitude maturity. The career decision self-efficacy mediated completely the relationship between the students' parental attachment and career attitude maturity. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of both mother-child relationship and parenting stress on preschoolers' behavior problems. Subjects were 235 preschoolers(115 boys, 120 girls) between two years old and five years old. The instruments included: (a) Parenting Relationship Questionnaire, (b) Parenting Stress Index, (c) Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5. Results are as follows. First, mothers' involvement and mother-child dysfunctional interaction were the significant predictor of preschoolers' internalizing behavior problems. Second, mothers' discipline practice was a significant predictor of preschoolers' externalizing behavior problems. Third, mothers' relational frustration and difficult child of parenting stress were the significant predictor of both preschoolers' internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Theoretical and therapeutical implications of results are discussed.
This study was intended to examine conceptual distinctions among three types of emotional labor strategy and the relations of three types of emotional labor to antecedents and outcomes. Data were collected from pre-school teachers, consisting of only women. Emotional intelligence, core self-evaluation, and emotional expression norm were used as antecedent variables. Job burnout and hope were used as outcome variables. Results of factor analysis showed that emotional labor consists of three factors, which are surface acting, deep acting, and natural acting. Results of correlational analyses and hierarchical regression analyses showed that each type of emotional labor was differently related to antecedent variables as well as outcome variables. Finally limitations and suggestions of this study were discussed.
This study analyzed fifty child molestation cases reported in five one-stop centers from March to August in 2009. Among statement validity tests for child victims, scales including Criterion Based Content Analysis, Reality Monitoring, Contextual Evaluation, Behavioral Change, Validity Evaluation were analyzed. For item analysis, Item Response Theory was applied to produce difficulty and differentiation indices after consideration internal consistency among items for each scale. Results presented all items except three items to have fair differentiation function. However, power was not enough because of a small sample size. This problem should be solved on further researches.
This study aims to find out the elements of male and female's beautiful face. To examine the factors to perceive one's overall beauty, we made eighty five item adjective checklist which comprised to evaluate physical elements of face and psychological elements of the face. Four hundred and sixty one university male and female students participated to rate 46 females and 46 males faces' overall beauty and to evaluate physical and psychological elements of the photographs. The results are as follows; First, the physical elements of face perception are same seven factors in male and female. Second, the psychological elements of face perception are different with male and female. Male's psychological elements are four factors which are handsome, cute and kind-looking, masculine, and natural. Female's psychological elements are five factors which are warm, sexy, elegant, intelligent, and cute. Third, determinant factors for overall face beauty are handsome and cute factors in male, sexy, elegant, intelligent factors in female. Especially, masculine factor in male isn't important for overall face beauty, and cute and warm factors isn't important for female's overall face beauty. This research shows that people evaluate overall face beauty through psychological factors which are perceived physical elements, and key important factors for overall face beauty are different in both sexes.
This paper examines the relation of marital conflict to EMS that as a major variable affects interpersonal problems of high school aged girls and surveys specific details of how the mediating effects of parents’ marital conflict influences their children’s interpersonal problems. I polled 285 high school girls in Gyeonggido to this end. Parental conflicts seemed to hold proportionately significant relation to EMS and interpersonal problems when the relation of marital conflict, EMS and interpersonal problems were analyzed. The relation of EMS to interpersonal problems as well showed significantly proportional relation. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to verify the effectiveness of EMS as a mediating factor for marital conflicts and interpersonal problems. The result shows that marital conflicts do have significant influence on interpersonal problems via EMS as a mediating factor, and that EMS fully mediates the relation between marital conflicts and interpersonal problems. That is, marital conflicts do affect EMS, which also affects interpersonal problem as a mediating factor.
The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between body-image discrepancy and psychological well-being in female college students. 200 female college students were recruited. The results showed that most of female college students belonged to thin-normal range, however, 92.5% of participants assessed that thin body is ideal. As female college students internalized the standard of thin body image, body-image discrepancy was also caused. Correlation analysis showed that body-image discrepancy has negative correlation with body-esteem, and psychological well-being. Also, as previous studies BMI and body-esteem have negative correlation with psychological well-being. Especially, in this study we conducted hierarchial regression analysis to assess the unique contribution of body-image discrepancy to psychological well-being. The results of hierarchial regression analysis demonstrated that body-image discrepancy has unique contribution to psychological well-being after controlling BMI, body-esteem, and stress. In addition, according to the level of body-image discrepancy, we investigated group differences. The group of ‘discrepancy is large’ showed psychological well-being and body-esteem is low, and stress level is high compare to the group of ‘discrepancy is small’.
For this study, I raised the question, “How is the addiction process manifested for an alcohol dependent female?” and carried out in-depth interviews with 14 persons who were selected among those diagnosed alcohol dependent according to the diagnosis criteria DSM-IV-TR (2000) and those who have experience of hospitalization in alcohol ward. The qualitative research method used in this study was grounded theory. The data analysis is based on the contents of interviews. An initial open coding was conducted to draw concepts, sub-categories, and categories, followed by an axis coding to formulate the paradigm model and to clarify the relationship between numerous categories. Then, selective coding allowed the author to discover the core categories of addiction process among alcohol dependent females, on the basis of which relations between the core categories were developed into a grounded theory. The core categories represent ‘process of temporarily leaving behind psychological pain of the past and the present’. Over time this process was developed into drinking activity without self-restraint and gradual dependency upon alcohol. The process discussed in the study, that is, the process of temporarily leaving behind psychological pain of the past and the present, may provide a foundation on which a practical program can be developed by allowing to apply the addiction process theory among alcohol dependent females. This may be of use to hospitals and alcohol-related counseling agencies that provide treatment for alcohol dependency.
This study aims to investigate the relationship between women's attitude toward hairdressing and their personality such as Big 5 personality factors and BAS/BIS (behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibition system). The participants were 308 female college students, whose ages ranged from 18 to 29 (M=20.37, SD=2.02). The psychological tests used in this research included the following: 15-item Attitude toward Hairdressing Scale, The Big Five Locator, and Korean Version of BAS/BIS Scale. Results revealed that women currently with short hair were more sought to fun than those with long hair, and women with hair dyeing were emotionally more stable and extrovert with opened mind than those without hair dyeing. But, overall participants' hair styles were not significantly related to their personality. Besides, 2-way interactions of wave and dyeing hairs in openness and agreeableness were found. Emotional stability and extroversion among Big 5 personality factors were related to the attitude toward hairdressing, and BAS/BIS were related to many sub-variables of the attitude toward hairdressing, except satisfaction of own hair condition. Certain personality factors were able to predict sub-variables of the attitude toward hairdressing, although their accountability were less than 10%. This study suggests especially dispositional personality trait were more closely related to women's attitude toward hairdressing. It was discussed with previous studies and some theories for future studies.
This article examined a gender-based differntial relationship between psychological protective/risk factors, family factors, and adolescent Internet use. The daily login duration, main login area, the presence of specific family members, and the level of protective/risk factors of 657 adolescents were assessed. The multiple regressions of protective/risk factors and family factors to login duration and the logistic regression of protective/risk factors and family factors to login content were studied. The results showed that the girls' Internet login duration was negatively related to perceived peer support, social competence, anger control, and the existence of elder sisters in the semester. The girls' Internet login duration vacations was negatively related to peer support, family support, and the existence of elder sisters and younger brothers. The results for the boys did not display a significant relation between the protective/risk factors, family factors, and Internet login duration for both periods: semesters and vacations. The results of logistic regression indicated that the girls' login to specific websites was not related to any family factors, but their chatting and game use were related to low family support, their messenger use was related to the low family support and high problem-solving ability, and their web community use was related to high self-efficacy and low family support. The results indicated complicated results for the bots' relationship between protective/risk factors, family factors, and login content. The differential meaning and the role of Internet use based on gender and the importance of a gender-based apporach in the intervention and prevention of adolescent Internet use were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of preschooler's and their divorced mother's mental health according to socio-economic class, that are 6149 poverty, 17699 latent poverty, and 17931 middle class. Results are as follows. First, preschoolers in middle class showed more internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and mothers in poverty are most depressed. Second, mothers in middle class were more abusive in parenting and their children showed more separation anxiety. Preschoolers in poverty and latent poverty showed no reactions in separation and reunion episode with their mothers. Third, the length of mother's rearing their child after divorce was negatively related to preschooler's externalizing behavior problem and their mother's depression. Social support was negatively related to mother's abusive parenting in poverty. On the other hand, social support was positively related to mother's depression in middle class. Economic support from ex-husband and the meeting between ex-husband and preschooler were positively related to preschooler's behavior problem and mother's depression in middle class.