This study examined the effects of attachment ability and self-esteem on hostile parenting attitude and repressive parenting attitude. 461 online university students who were at parents status and took counseling psychology class participated this study and filled out Adult Attachment Scale(AAS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale(RSES), Maternal Behavior Research Instrument(MBRI) and Repressive attitude subscale of Parental Meta-Emotion Scale(PMES). ANOVA analysis were accomplished to identify main effect of attachment style over parenting attitude. The result was that parents with secure attachment style showed higher affective parenting attitude score and lower hostile attitude score than avoidant attachment style and anxious attachment style. Parents with anxious attachment style got higher repressive attitude score than any other attachment style. Correlation analysis showed that only the affect-hostile dimension of parenting attitude was related with depend dimension of attachment. As for close and anxiety dimension of attachment, both the affect-hostile dimension and autonomy-control dimension of parenting attitude were related, but with opposite direction. Regression analysis was accomplished to find out mediating roles of self-esteem along the path from attachment ability to parenting attitude. As a result, there was partial mediation role of self-esteem when dependent variable was the affect-hostile parenting attitude. When dependent variable was the autonomy-control parenting attitude, there was full mediation effect of self-esteem. Finally the significance and limitation of this study were discussed.
The present study surveyed 615 adult males and females to find out differences by gender and generation in stereotypes toward gender roles in terms of masculinity and feminity and sexism against women and to discuss any relevance with the ideology of military service, which has been pointed out as a background for sexism. First, asked to choose three items from each of 20 questions about masculinity and feminity, both male and female respondents selected responsibility, goals in life, determination and sincerity as common aspects of masculinity. In terms of feminity, male respondents chose warmth, generosity and charm as well as beautiful appearance, devotion and docility, whereas female respondents selected goals in life. Consideration for others was found common to feminity and masculinity. Second, in view of sexism by gender, male respondents proved more discriminative in terms of both benevolent and hostile sexism. No difference was found between different generations in benevolent sexism. By contrast, only those who were in their 20s had lower hostile sexism compared to other age groups. Third, attitudes toward military service, used to measure any influence of the ideology of military service did not differ by gender and generation. Fourth, benevolent sexism and attitudes toward military service showed significant correlations in all age groups and increased in proportion to age. These findings indicate that distinct gender-based perspectives still exist about masculinity and feminity in our society, that hostile sexism against women gradually disappears in younger generations and that the ideology of military service is deeply associated with sexism across gender and generation.
The Study was conducted the relationship between Inducing Positive Affect and Marital Satisfaction based on Gottman theory. The result of the correlation analysis of 179 men and women in Gyeonggi-do was positive correlation at the .01 level of significance between Inducing Positive Affect and Marital Satisfaction and Fondness and Admiration system and Turning Toward of 5 subfactor in Inducing Positive Affect was anticipated in Marital Satisfaction. The Positive Affect separated self evaluation and partner evaluation. The result of Marital Satisfaction was anticipated in Inducing Positive Affect by perceive partner evaluation than by self evaluation. Marital Satisfaction was increased that individual is perceived greater of partner about Inducing Positive Affect. The result of greater in Inducing Positive Affect was increasing Marital Satisfaction. Implications and limitations of this study and suggestions for future study were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Parenting Relationship Questionnaire-Preschool(K-PRQ-P). K-PRQ-P was administered to the parents of 388 preschoolers from 2 to 5 years of age. The reliability was tested through internal consistency and test-retest reliability(N=20). For validity test, scale intercorrelation, discriminant validity through administration to the parents of clinical preschoolers with emotional and behavior disorders(N=75), and construct validity through K-PSI and K-PSI-SF were examined. Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the similar factor structures exist in both PRQ-P and K-PRQ-P. Overall, results showed high level of internal consistency(.74 to .81), test-retest reliability(.75 to .90), construct(K-PSI .20-.61; K-PSI-SF .19-.40) and discriminant validity, suggesting valid psychometric properties of the K-PRQ-P. Implications of using the K-PRQ-P both as a clinical tool and a research instrument are discussed.
This study was designed to investigate the mediating effect of the fulfillment of basic psychological needs in the relationship between emotional reliance on their spouses and the quality of marital relationships. A total of 257 married women completed a questionnaire packet including demographic information, emotional reliance, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and quality of marital relationship. The results indicated that all the variables were positively correlated. The results also indicated that the fulfillment of basic psychological needs was not significantly different by demographic variables (i.e. age and with or without children). However, employed women were highly satisfied with competence which is one of sub-construct of basic psychological needs. Lastly, the results revealed that basic psychological needs satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between emotional reliance and the quality of marital relationship for married women. The limitations and implications of the study were discussed.