Somatization is more frequent in women than in men, and Korean women are known to be more prone to somatization. Although covert narcissism has been reported as a variable related to somatization, there is a dearth of research on the psychological processes between covert narcissism and somatization. The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of suppression of emotional expression relationship between covert narcissism and somatization in adult women, and the moderated mediating effect of body attribution in this path. For this purpose, 240 people aged 20 to 59 were measured through self-report surveys for covert narcissism, suppression of emotional expression, body attribution, and somatization. First, a significant correlation was found in all major variables. Second, the mediating effect of suppression of emotional expression was significant in the relationship between covert narcissism and somatization. Third, body attribution moderated the relationship between suppression of emotional expression and somatization. Fourth, it was found that the mediating effect of suppression of emotional expression on the relationship between covert narcissism and somatization was moderated by body attribution. In other words, those with high body attribution are more likely to experience somatization through suppression of emotional expression, even if they experience covert narcissism. This study is meaningful in that it presents implications that are helpful for understanding and intervention of adult Female clients with a high level of covert narcissism in psychotherapy.
This study examined the sequential double mediation effect of rejection sensitivity and anger rumination in the relationship between gender microaggression and depression among women in early adulthood. An online survey was conducted with 247 women in early adulthood who experienced gender microaggression, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and Process MACRO. The main results are as follows. First, statistically significant correlations were found between gender microaggression, rejection sensitivity, anger rumination, and depression among women in early adulthood. Second, rejection sensitivity showed a significant partial mediation effect in the relationship between gender microaggression and depression. Third, anger rumination also showed a significant partial mediation effect in this relationship. Fourth, the sequential double mediation effect of rejection sensitivity and anger rumination was significant in the relationship between gender microaggression and depression. The results of this study demonstrate the impact of gender microaggressions on depression among women in early adulthood and clarify the roles of rejection sensitivity and anger rumination. By highlighting the severity of gender microaggressions and the psychological distress they cause, this study contributes to raising social awareness. These findings provide a foundation for developing prevention and intervention strategies. Lastly, the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research were discussed.
This study was conducted for the purpose of exploring the nature of the bidirectional dating violence experience of early adult women. To this end, 13 early adult women were interviewed, and the data were analyzed using phenomenological methods. As a result, 25 sub categories and 9 essential categories were derived. The essential categories were 'detected changes in the attitude of the partner', 'pressure and discomfort caused by dating violence', 'damaged self-concept due to dating violence', 'wound and shock caused by dating violence', 'conflict internally while condoning the damage of violence', 'attempting a preemptive attack to take the lead', 'obsessed, controlling, and enduring anxiety', 'justifying and allowing aggressive sensitivity', and 'justifying the motive for the offense to respond'. These results were discussed in comparison and analysis with previous studies, and elements necessary for future clinical intervention and program planning were suggested.
This study aimed to develop and validate the call phobia scale. Firstly, we operationally defined ‘the call phobia’, and then selected the first 26 preliminary items based on call phobia symptoms, characteristics, and an online call phobia questionnaire. Secondly, the expert group verified the content validity, and then item 25 was selected through the preliminary validation study. Thirdly, 25-items Call Phobia Questionnaire (CPQ) and other self questionnaire about anxiety, social anxiety, and depression were administered to 405 undergraduate students. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor structure of 24-items CPQ: “anxiety and avoidance“, “worry and rumination” and “traumatic experience”. CPQ was also found to have high internal consistency and have appropriate concurrent and divergent validity with significant positive correlations with anxiety, depression, and social anxiety. Through confirmatory factor analysis, a three factor structure of 24-items CPQ was confirmed. Finally, the significance, limitations, and suggestions for further research were described.
This study explores belief in a just world have a direct effect on passive coping strategies for gender discrimination. Plus, it investigates whether this relationship is mediated by internal locus of control and perceived levels of gender discrimination experiences. The study employed an online survey and structural model and mediating effects were tested by SPSS 28 and Mplus 7.4. The findings revealed that general belief in a just world has a direct positive impact on passive coping strategies and internal locus of control and perceived gender discrimination mediates following relationship sequentially. The result showed higher levels of belief in a just world were associated with higher internal locus of control, which in turn led to greater perception of gender discrimination experiences and a greater tendency to choose coping strategies such as internalization and separation.
Research on the fear of everyday and violent crimes spans multiple disciplines, including sociology, criminology, and psychology. However, the underlying causes and processes that contribute to this fear remain unclear. The present study aimed to explore the impact of trust in administrative agencies on the fear of everyday and violent crimes, and to identify the variables that mediate and moderate this relationship. By understanding these mechanisms, we can better inform strategies to alleviate fear of crime. In an analysis of 1,000 Seoul citizens, the findings revealed that individuals who harbor distrust towards administrative bodies, such as local or central government, are more likely to predict an increase in everyday and violent crimes over the next decade. This perception significantly contributes to their fear of these crimes in daily life. Moreover, the study found that gender moderates the relationship between trust in administrative agencies and psychological outlook on crime. Specifically, women who expressed distrust in administrative agencies were more likely to anticipate an increase in crime, which in turn heightened their fear. In contrast, for men, the level of trust in administrative agencies did not significantly affect their crime outlook. These findings suggest that enhancing trust in administrative agencies could play a crucial role in improving citizens’ sense of safety and well-being, particularly for women, thereby promoting social integration and harmony.
This study attempted to examine whether emotional empathy mediates the relationship between pathological narcissism and mentalization failure, and to verify whether emotional perception clarity regulates this mediating effect. To this end, data were collected through an online survey of 399 adults aged 19 to 60, and the mediating effect, moderating effect, and moderated mediating effect were analyzed. For research purposes, the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), the Mentalization Questionnaire (MZQ), the Empathy Ability Scale, and the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) were used. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of correlation analysis between variables, it was found that there was a significant correlation between pathological narcissism, emotional empathy, mentalization failure, and emotional perception clarity. Second, the mediating effect of emotional empathy was significant in the relationship between pathological narcissism and mentalization failure. Third, the relationship between emotional empathy and mentalization failure was controlled by emotional perception clarity. Fourth, it was found that the mediating effect of emotional empathy on the relationship between pathological narcissism and mentalization failure was moderated by emotional perception clarity. This study revealed that the path that pathological narcissism leads to mentalization failure through the mediation of emotional empathy depends on the level of individual's emotional perception clarity. It was suggested that these results could be used as basic data to help therapeutic intervention by using them in counseling and psychotherapy scenes.
This study sought to test whether the mediating effect of self-compassion is moderated by marital communication satisfaction in the process of married people's Covert narcissism on marital satisfaction. For this purpose, the research hypothesis was verified using data from 350 married people living across the country using Spss 21.0 and Spss Macro Process ver 3.0. The results of this study are as follows. First, a significant correlation was found in all major variables. Second, the mediating effect of self-compassion was significant in the relationship between covert narcissism and marital satisfaction. Third, marital communication satisfaction moderated the relationship between self-compassion and marital satisfaction. Fourth, It was found that mediating effect of self-compassion on the relationship between covert narcissism and marital was moderated by marital communication satisfaction. Finally, the significance and limitations of this study and suggestions for follow-up research were discussed.