The purpose of this study is to examine what the current education for feminist counselors is and to sketch a model for the future feminist counselor education. To fulfill this purpose, the methods of the literature review, the analysis of the current education program, and the depth interview are used. In the literature review, four major components for the education for feminist counselors are researched; the goal, the content, the process, and the educator. The result is following; The feminist value, the embodiment of that value, and educating counseling skills should be the goal of the education; The content should include the history of feminist counseling, women's studies, counseling psychology, psychology of women, and self-reflection of counselors. In the process the equality between the teacher and the student should be pursued, the diversity and the experience of the student should be respected, the non-sexist language should be used, and the teacher should play the role of the mentor; The educator should play a role model, be positive about herself, empower the student, perceive the teaching as a cooperative process, and reveal herself as a part of education. By the result of the literature review, the current education program and the depth interview are analyzed. It is concluded that the current education for feminist counselors is not sufficient. Firstly, the areas of the content is not balanced. Secondly, the content is more emphasized than the process. Thirdly, the number of the educator is less than the need.
This study explored the extent to which gender-role attitude, marital satisfaction, life event stress is related to psychological well-being of employed and nonemployed Korean married women. Participants were 156 nonemployed and 144 employed women aged between 30 and 59. As results of regression analysis, well-being of employed women was independently predicted by negative and positive life event stresses as well as relationship with children, whereas that of nonemployed women was affected by negative life event stress and gender-role attitude. In addition, the effects of gender-role attitude, marital satisfaction, and life event stress on the well-being of wives were found to be different depending on the employment. For example, liberal gender-role attitude had positive effects on the well-being of employed women, whereas traditional gender-role attitude was positively related to that of nonemployed women. In addition, marital satisfaction in general gave more effects on the well-being of nonemployed women than that of employed women. On the other hand, employed women were affected by positive and negative life event stresses more than nonemployed women. Therefore, it is suggested that gender-role attitude, marital satisfaction, life event stresses operate as a moderator in the relation of employment and the well-being of Korean married women.
The study was to investigate menstrual attitude of early adolescent females, effects several menarche-related characteristics on menstrual attitude, expectations about menstruation among premenarcheal girls, and relationships between menstrual attitudes and premenstrual symptoms. For the purposes, a sample of 753(325 elementary school and 428 junior high school girls) completed the Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire for Adolescent, Premenstrual Symptom Assessemnt Form, and several questions about menarche-related characteristics. The results, using a confirmatory factor analysis, confirmed the previous study that menstrual attitude of early adolescent females could be divided into five factors (i.e., opneness, positive acceptance, physical symptom, reaction and emotional sensitivity). With regard to menarche-related characteristics, girls showed increased openness and physical symptom scores as grade increased. Educational level of girl' mother was related to emotional sensitivity factor of menstrual attitude. In addition, when girls had a knowledge about menstruation, they had open and positive attitude about menstruation. Premenarcheal girls expected to have more physical changes and had negative attitude to menstruation, compared to menarcheal girls. These results suggested that data about menstrual attitudes can be helpful in clinical and counseling circumstances for early aolescent girls and the Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire for Adolescent will be very useful.
The present research investigated the gender differences of risk-taking decisions in sexual behaviors, specifically condom use during sexual intercourse. Based on Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB: Ajzen, 1988), attitudes toward subjective norms of, and perceived controllability in condom use were measured from 201 college students and their impacts on behavioral intentions and actual behaviors were examined. Condom-related attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived controllability were found to influence significantly on behavioral intention of condom use, supporting generally TPB in condom use. More importantly, gender differences were found: Male students reported higher perceived controllability in condom use than female students, but positive attitude of condom use were vice versa. Furthermore, the regression analyses of the factors on behavioral intention revealed that perceived controllability influenced significantly behavioral intention only in male data even though attitudes were a reliable predictor of the intention in both male and female data. In addition, it was interestingly found that students who previously had condom-use experiences, rather than those who did not used condom in previous sexual intercourses, reported higher subjective norms related to condom-use. Those results were consistent with traditional sexual roles and stereotypes of Korean culture, and they suggest for development of systematic educational efforts specified for each gender and more elaborative and open-minded discussion in Korean society.
Using open-ended questionnaires, this study was conducted to explore social representations and gender stereotypes held by Koreans on adolescents. Participants were 123 adults, 49 teachers and 93 college undergraduates. According to the results, adolescence was characterized in personality by a transitive period from childhood to adulthood. Nonetheless, there were aspects unique to adolescence with respect to personality, individual tasks and social relationships. Adolescents worthy of the name were defined mainly by extroversion and agreeableness of personality, with relation to physical, task-, and relational aspects. Happiness for adolescents was determined mainly by interpersonal relationships, physical health and socio-economical status. Desirable adolescents were very similar to those worthy of the name. There were no great differences in these results among the three types of judges and also, gender stereotype was not salient and instead, similarities between man and woman adolescents were striking. These findings were discussed in terms of features of Korean culture and gender stereotype.
This study examined the characteristics of individual criminal-related variables and personality of female murder. For personality characteristics, we conducted PAI(Personality Assessment Inventory) to incarcerated female murders. The subjects are 109 female offenders in the Cheong-Ju Women's Correctional Institution. The results showed "murder group" has good relationship with their parents, additionally more than a half of "murder group" were not drinking alcohol when they committed their crimes. The victims of murder in the most of the cases were men, specially the most of them are their husbands, and it happened while Quarreling. The characteristics of the subscale of "murder group" as we compared to each scale's means represented high scores in INF, PIM, DEP-P, and PAR-R. On the contrary ANT-S, SCZ-P, and BOR-I appeared low scores. Finally we discussed limitations and further approaches of this study.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of personality characteristics within couples on mutual comprehension, relationship satisfaction, and commitment. Participants were 58 dating couples. Each subject responded to the IPIP(extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness/ intelligence), sex-role(masculinity, femininity, gender eglitarianism scale), and relationship measures(mutual comprehension, relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment). First, we examined the relationships between personality and similarity and relationship measures. It turned out that couples' extraversion and agreeableness were correlated with mutual comprehension, and couples' gender eglitarianism index were correlated with relationship satisfaction. We did further analyses on personality factors that appeared to influence mutual comprehension, relationship satisfaction, and relationship commitment. The results were as follows: in case of men, agreeableness and masculinity played significant roles in mutual comprehension and relationship satisfaction. In case of women, extraversion was crucial to mutual comprehension and the neuroticism of partner was also important to relationship satisfaction and commitment.