The purposes of this study were to investigate gender differences of the sexual harassment myths and sex role related attitude. Moreover We examined effects of sexual harassment myths and sex role related attitudes on sexual harassment. A total of 318 undergraduate students(166 female students, 152 male students) participated in this study. The results of this study could be summarized as follows. First, There were gender differences in sexual harassment myths and sex role related attitude. Especially, male undergraduates were more likely to regard sexual harassment as behavior caused by misunderstanding and excessive response than females. Second, It was found that experience of sexual harassment wrongdoing had effect on sexual harassment myths and sex role related attitude. That is, sexual harassment wrongdoer group was more likely to think sexual behaviors as an expression of intimacy and a vitamin of work life. We also found that they were more acceptive to violent behaviors than non-group. Third, the result of regression analysis, when the effects of a grade and sex experience were partialled out, revealed that sexual harassment myths and sex role related attitude predicted sexual harassment significantly. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
There were some theories explaining the reason of gender differences in a few mental disorders whose women's prevalence ratio is higher than men's. However, the previous theories have provided just partial explanations for gender differences. In this study, the alternative explanation for women's mental health would be presented by exploring objectification theory. Women's body is more objectified by others than men. It is called sexual objectification. The repetition of sexual objectification may cause self-objectification by internalizing the observer's point for their body. Self-objectification is likely to bring about some negative experiences: shame, anxiety, the lack of peak motivational state, the deficiency for an awareness of internal bodily states. The accumulation of negative experiences lead to mental health risks: eating disorders, depression, sexual dysfunctions. The objectification theory has been proved by empirical studies by this time. The results of these studies showed that (a) sexual objectification causes self objectification, (b) the experiences of objectification are different between women and men, (c) the experiences of objectification changes according to developmental stages (d) objectification had an effect on eating disorders, negative emotions, performance ability, and non-adaptive behaviors. The implication of objectification theory is the proposal of the individual psychological concept 'self objectification'. The concept of 'self objectification' might be clarified, and the range of research based on the objectification theory should be broaden in the future research.
The purpose of this study was to investigate mothers' psychological characteristics following their children's disclosures of sexual abuse by MMPI, BDI and STAI. The subjects of this study were the mothers who had sexually abused children. Based on the fact whether the mothers had been sexually abused or not, the mothers were separated into two groups (Group 1 and 2). In these sexually abused children’s mothers, 17 out of 47 mothers had suffered from the sexual abuse in the past. Control group contained 32 mothers who did not have sexually abused children and who had not been sexually abused in their childhood (Group 3). All mothers were evaluated with MMPI, BDI, and STAI tests. The difference in the average based on the above three tests was examined among the three groups. The results as follows; Group 1 had higher index in the level of Pd, Anger(ANG), Anxiety(ANX) and Obsessiveness(OBS) content in MMPI test, which means that they were closely related to anger, social inhospitality and thought with anxiety. Group 2 had higher index in the level of Hs, Sc and Health Concern(HEA), which means that they were abundant in obscure physical symptoms and desire to depend upon friends and acquaintance. It was shown in the BDI and STAI tests that the indexes to Group 1 and 2 were significantly higher than those of Group 3, which means that sexually abused children made mothers experience unstable emotion and suspect others. The results of cluster analysis of mothers who had sexually abused children made those mothers classified into 2 different types. Group 1 insisted on defense for adaptation or rationalization and Group 2 had psychic difficulty in solving problem by themselves. Some reason for the results might be assumed.
The purpose of present study is to investigate the influence of self-construals on psychological well-beings. Participants were 158 university males, 150 university females in Korea. First, gender difference was not significant on relational-interdependent self-construal, independent self-constual, self-esteem. and psychological well-being. But in the case of males, independent self-construal was positively correlated with relational- interdependent self-constual. The present study proposes that the independent and that relational- interdependent self-construals are predictors of psychological well-being, and that the effect of an independent self-construal on psychological well-being is mediated through self-esteem. We examined the influence of self-construals on psychological well-being and also analyzed the results according to gender differences through the multi-sample analysis based on the structural equation modeling. As a result, the goodness of fitness of the proposed model was acceptable. Comparing parameter estimates, we found the effect of an independent self-construal on psychological well-being as mediated through self-esteem in both groups. The results also showed that the influence of independent self-constual on psychological well-being was significant in males, whereas the influence of relational-independent self-constual on psychological well-being was significant in females.
The goals of the present study were to investigate the male-to-female ratio according to the attention-deficit/hyperactivity(ADHD) subtype in community-based population and exploring related problem of two subtype of ADHD(ADHD-Combined type and ADHD-Inattention type). 717 school children were evaluated by the parent ratings on a Korean ADHD rating scale(K-ARS) and Korean personality inventory for children(KPI-C). From 717 school children, 77 ADHD <46(6.4%) ADHD-Combined type and 31(4.3%) ADHD-Inattention type> were identified. The male-to-female ratio for the ADHD-Combined type is 3.2:1 and the male-to-female ratio for the ADHD-Inattention type is 2.1:1. ADHD-Combined children and ADHD-Inattention children were rated as displaying more externalizing problem and internalizing problem than control group. ADHD-Combined children were rated as displaying more externalizing problem than ADHD- Inattention children, but ADHD-Combined group and ADHD-Inattention group were not significantly different on the internalizing problem. The most interesting results was an interaction effect between the subtype and the gender. In case of the male, ADHD-Combined children were rated as displaying more peer dislike problem than ADHD-Inattention type and control group. In case of the female, there was not differecne in peer dislike.
This study was to find the relationships between coping style, separation-individuation and hope on married woman's marital adjustment. There were 337 married woman who had lived in Korea in this study. The significant results were revealed as follows. : First, when effects of other sub-dimensions of coping style were controlled, the more positive coping style of 'problem-focused coping style', the less passive coping style of 'emotion-focused coping style', the better marriage adjustment was: Second, women who showed high separation-individuation level from their parents tend to have better marital adjustment. Third, women who had high hope level tend to have also better marital adjustment, especially agency thinking, sub-dimensions of hope, had great impact on marital adjustment Forth, When effects of other variables were controlled, we could be convinced that separation-individuation and hope had great impact on marital adjustment. When such results were discussed the implications and limitations of these findings were suggested.
The present study investigated gender differences in career search self-efficacy of graduating college students. The differences in four types of career search self-efficacy, job search efficacy, networking efficacy, interviewing efficacy, and personal exploration efficacy, were examined based on gender and the previous use of career services. One hundred twenty three male and female college students who were graduating in two months completed Career Search Efficacy Scale. Due to the moderate negative skewness, the scores of career search self-efficacy measures were power transformed. Whether they already received job offers or not was controlled as a covariate. The result of MANCOVA indicated the main effect of the use of career services and the interaction between gender and the use of career services on career search self-efficacy. Women who used career services showed higher scores on four types of career search self-efficacy measures than those who did not. Men did not show significant differences based on the use of career services. These results suggest the relationship between career search self-efficacy and the use of career services is stronger for women than for men, possibly implying that the relative importance of career services may be based on gender.
The present study investigated gender differences in career search self-efficacy of graduating college students. The differences in four types of career search self-efficacy, job search efficacy, networking efficacy, interviewing efficacy, and personal exploration efficacy, were examined based on gender and the previous use of career services. One hundred twenty three male and female college students who were graduating in two months completed Career Search Efficacy Scale. Due to the moderate negative skewness, the scores of career search self-efficacy measures were power transformed. Whether they already received job offers or not was controlled as a covariate. The result of MANCOVA indicated the main effect of the use of career services and the interaction between gender and the use of career services on career search self-efficacy. Women who used career services showed higher scores on four types of career search self-efficacy measures than those who did not. Men did not show significant differences based on the use of career services. These results suggest the relationship between career search self-efficacy and the use of career services is stronger for women than for men, possibly implying that the relative importance of career services may be based on gender.
To find that how the sexual abuse has affected adulthood sexual behavior and how change the aspects in process of time, this study was intended to integrate interpretation of the quantitative and qualitative results. The quantitative study was administered to 20～50 aged 144 women, and were used ‘The sexual concept and sexual behavior questionnaire’ and ‘Self esteem scale’. The qualitative study was analized recording files of depth interview done to 5 women experienced several sexual abuse. In the result of this study, it was found that the victims of sexual abuse had little awareness of the situation was sexual abuse, and they become to know that the situations they sufferd were. Then, They interested and stydied in sex, and they conforms of their worries as sexual actions. The results increased percentage of sexual actions in sexual abused women before marriage. Victims that experienced several sexual abuse, have negative feelings of their sexual body-part, low insensibility of orgasm, more complain of sexual dysfunction, and it related to decreasing of sensibility about body awareness. Although women victims have low self-esteem, and they positioned and experienced in adverse condition repeatedly, they experiences stability, intimacy and sufficiency after sexual actions with love.