The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of reiki self-healing on climacteric complaints of middle-aged women. The subjects of the study were chosen among the middle-aged women between 40 and 59 years old, who practice at M and S Meditation Center located in C city. The experimental group was made up of 15 middle-aged women who had practiced Level 1 or higher reiki attunement, while the control group consisted of 15 middle-aged women who had never had the reiki attunement. The research tool was the reiki self-healing program arranged by the researcher and the experimental group took the self-healing program three times a week for 8 weeks. In order to verify the effects of the program, a questionnaire of 20 self-report questions was used. DITI(Digital Infra-red Thermographic Imaging) was also used as a measuring tool. The identification between the experimental group and the control group was verified by using T-test, and the statistical data was compared and analyzed by using the Repeated Measure ANOVA. The study results show that reiki self-healing had statistically significant effects of changing the climacteric symptoms of middle-aged women and the sub-factor of physical symptoms. Reiki self-healing has positive effects on the climacteric symptoms as well as potential influences on the holistic health management of middle-aged women. Therefore this study has proved that reiki healing is of great significance and worth applying to middle-aged women.
The purpose of this study was to examine how the drinking of mother influences mother's marital satisfaction and conflict with her husband. This study used hierarchical regression analysis in order to investigate the effect of mother's ‘drink or not’ and ‘drinking’ (drinking frequency and drinking capacity) on marital satisfaction and marital conflict after controlling for couple's educational background, couple's age, the period of marriage, mother's parenting stress, mother's parenting style, mother's self-esteem, and mother's self-efficacy. The subjects of this study were 1,751 mothers who were participated in second survey of Korean Children Panel. According to results, both two variables (drink or not and drinking) predicted significantly marital satisfaction and ‘drink or not’ predicted marital conflict significantly. But, ‘drinking’ could not explain marital conflicts significantly. The implications of this study were discussed by considering the follow-up study and practical application.
The purpose of this study was examined how the relationship between the personality and marital satisfaction. Level of personality maladjustment, personality differences of perception, personality traits were analyzed as the relationship between marital satisfaction. The result were found that there was the difference of marital satisfaction by character and the types of personality, and the degree of maladjustment of personality was negatively related to marital satisfaction. Obsessive-compulsive personality was related to the highest levels of marital satisfaction, and antisocial personality was related to the lowest levels of marital satisfaction. Also, neuroticism had a negatively strong association with marital satisfaction. In the correlations, the actor-effect has a stronger level of correlation with marital satisfaction than partner-reported personality does. Overall, the similarity of the couple appeared to be improving marital satisfaction. The set of personalities in which cluster C showed relatively high level of marital satisfaction, whereas set of cluster B showed the lowest level of marital satisfaction. Therefore, this study suggests that marital satisfaction is influenced by spouse's personality as well as the individual's personality.
The present study was to examine the relationships between three kinds of positive illusions (self-enhancement bias, illusion of control, and unrealistic optimism) and marital satisfaction. The data were collected by administering the questionnaires to 140 married couples. The influence of positive illusions on the marital satisfaction was separated into actor effect and partner effect within the APIM (Actor-Partner Interdependent Model). The actor effect means the impact a person's characteristics has on himself or herself, and the partner effect means the impact a person's characteristics has on his or her spouse. The major results are as follows. First, the warmer married couples consider themselves to be, the higher both their own and their spouses' marital satisfactions were. However, the partner effect of husbands was stronger than that of wives. Second, the stronger the husbands' illusion of control was, the higher both spouses' marital satisfaction was. Meanwhile, wives' illusion of control had little influence on the marital satisfaction of the couples. Third, husbands' actor effect alone was significant in unrealistic optimism. Husbands' marital satisfaction increased as their unrealistic optimism get higher. Among the three positive illusions, finally, were husbands' illusion of control and wives' self-enhancement bias that proved to have the most impact on their marital satisfaction.
The United States has been classified as an individualistic culture where the emphasis of a romantic relationship is on romantic excitement, open communication, and egalitarianism. The Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) has been described as a collectivistic culture where the emphasis is rather on harmony, implicit communication, and a hierarchical relationship (Gudykunst & Matsumoto, 1996). Korean married couples today, however, are in a unique situation where traditional collectivistic values and modern individualistic values dynamically coexist and conflict. Some studies attempted to address the relational maintenance phenomenon in Korea, but were unable to provide a meaningful examination of Korean relational maintenance by relying on Western-inspired measures and overlooking various cultural aspects of modern Korea. Recent studies conducted in Korea suggest that while Korean married couples highly regard individualistic values such as open communication and similarities in personality, they still tend to prioritize parenting issues over couple issues and concern about proper relational hierarchy. As these kinds of changes and confusions occur at different paces between husbands and wives, and also through generations, the marital maintenance phenomenon among Korean married couples becomes more unique and complex. Clinical implications and directions for future research based on these findings were discussed.
The purpose of this research was to examine (1) the gender-role traits related to fathers, and (2) characteristics of the desirable fathering depicted in 151 creative picture-story books for preschool and early school-aged children published since 2000. The major results of this study were as follow. First, the occupations of fathers were diverse and office workers were most common. The majority of fathers in books described as spending time with their children or participating in child-rearing. Second, among five categories of the desirable fathering, breadwinner roles appeared the most followed by emotional supporters, play-partners, role-models, advisers(counselors), disciplinary roles in order. However, in terms of the order of these categories, there is a difference between Korean picture books and foreign ones. The breadwinner roles appeared more frequently in Korean picture books than in foreign ones, whereas the roles of emotional supporters and advisers were portrayed more frequently in foreign picture books than in Korean ones.
This study was attempted to confirm reliability and to validate the Korean Intrusiveness Scale in Romantic Relationships(KISRR). The KISRR, the Adult Attachment Scale, the Limerence Scale, the Paranoia Scale, and the Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Scale were administered to 228 undergraduate students in romantic relationships. The Intrusiveness Scale in Romantic Relationships was composed of 38 items on self intrusive behavior and 38 items on partner's intrusive behavior. By factor analysis, 32 items that self intrusive behavior and partner's intrusive behavior are correspondent were selected. 4 factors of ‘controlling’, ‘excessive affection demonstration’, ‘unilateral action’, ‘privacy intrusion’ were extracted. Crohnbach ɑ coefficients of the sub-scales were reasonably high and internal consistency reliability was ascertained. The results of convergent validity showed that the KISRR and the other scales were related, The limitations of the study and the suggestions for the further studies were also discussed.
This study aimed to demonstrate relation between Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(hereinafter called "C-PTSD") experiences and Borderline Personality trait and investigate a role of Self Concept between two variables. It was hypothesized that C-PTSD experience have an effect on Borderline Personality trait and self-concept moderate & mediate between two variables. Personality assessment inventory-borderline features scale, self-concept scale, traumatic antecedents questionnaire were implemented to 650 woman's university students. The results are as follows. First, C-PTSD experiences have effects on Borderline Personality trait. Second, Self Concept was proved to have moderator effect between C-PTSD experiences and Borderline Personality traits of childhood and adolescent period. In addition, it was proved that as one had lower self concept, he was more influenced by C-PTSD experiences and showed more Borderline Personality traits. Third, Self Concept was proved to have partial mediator effects between C-PTSD experiences and Borderline Personality traits of childhood and adolescent period. That is, while there were mediator effect of Self Concept as it was proved that C-PTSD experiences made Self Concept negative and the negative concept increased Borderline Personality traits, the effect of C-PTSD experiences on Borderline Personality traits appeared to be significant, which showed that Self Concept partially mediates between two variables.
The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship among parent empathy perceived by female middle school students, selfobject, and school adjustment, and to examine the mediating effects of their selfobject on the relationship between their parent empathy and school adjustment. Two hundred fifty nine female middle school students participated in this study. The major results showed that (a) there were significant correlations among parent empathy perceived by female middle school students, selfobject, and school adjustment; and (b) the mediating effects of selfobject on the relationship between parent empathy perceived by female middle school students and their school adjustment were supported. These results mean that parent empathy perceived by female middle school students does not directly have impacts on their school adjustment, but only through selfobject. It is suggested that female middle school students need to have opportunities which they can experience selfobject in home, school, and community throughout their lives. as well as parent empathy for their better school adjustment.
This research is to study factors of affecting sexual assertiveness of female students of universities in order to prevent university students from sexual problems. The factors include empirical factors such as sexual damage, abuse, and sexual experience and psychological factors such as a common idea of sexual violence and tolerance towards violence on dating. In addition, regression analysis among subordinate factors was carried out to study how a common idea of sexual violence and tolerance towards violence on dating affect sexual assertiveness of female students of universities when empirical factors is under same control. For these studies, 240 data obtained by surveying female students of universities located in a middle region of South Korea were analyzed. Correlation analysis and regression analysis were carried out through the collected data. SPSS 15.0 Program was used for these analyses. There are five abridged consequences of this research. First of all, there is a significantly negative correlation between sexual assertiveness of female students of universities and both a common idea of sexual violence and sexual experience, but a positive correlation between sexual assertiveness of female students of universities and tolerance towards violence on dating. Secondly, personality and physical damage in the past don't significantly affect sexual assertiveness of female students of universities, but sexual experiences do. Thus, The more sexual experiences are, the lower the level of sexual assertiveness is. Thirdly, a common idea of sexual violence of female students of universities significantly affects sexual assertiveness of them. Fourthly, when sexual experiences, which is the one of the empirical factors, of female students of universities is under same control, a common idea of sexual experience still affects sexual assertiveness of them. Finally, ‘misunderstanding of the opposite sex's behavior’ and ‘a false report of lechery and rape’ affect disallowance of sexual relations. That is, this common idea of sexual violence such as the misunderstanding and the false report makes it difficult to disallow sexual intercourse. Through these consequences, proposals for further discussion and study are included in this research.
The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of mother-child interactions in multi-cultural families and typical Korean families. The co-construction task (Steel, D'Agostno, Blom, 2005) appraisal for structured mother-child interactions was videotaped and analyzed for comparative analysis of characteristics of mother-child interactions in multi-cultural families and typical Korean families. The subjects of this study included 21 mothers of pre-school children aged three to six of multi-cultural families residing in urban areas and 21 mothers of pre-school children aged three to six of typical Korean families residing in the same areas. The results are as follows: First, a significant difference was found in terms of Parent Global Ratings and Dyad Ratings between the two groups; mothers from typical Korean families showed more positive interactions with their children. Second, the correlation analysis between demographic characteristics and mother-child interactions found that education levels of parents and economic levels of families had a significant relationship with behavioral characteristics of mothers and their children in the multi-cultural families. In the typical Korean families, a negative correlation was only indicated between economic levels of the families and nonverbal behaviors of children. Third, in terms of relations between mother-child behavioral characteristics and the sub-domains of behavioral characteristics: balance & cooperation, creativity, overall interactions, task persistence, and task switching, mothers and children from the typical families stacked blocks more creatively and the level of task persistence was higher among children from the typical families. Fourth, in terms of the relationship between mother sensitivity and behavioral characteristic of children, mothers from the multi-cultural families indicated significantly low sensitivity compared with mothers form the typical families.