This study compared the influence of depressed mood and parenting guilt and parenting stress on parenting behaviors between North Korean Women Refugees(219) and South Korean Women(100). ANCOVA showed that North Korean Women Refugees had higher depressed mood, parenting guilt, parenting stress, and negative parenting behaviors than South Korean Women. Depressed mood, parenting guilt, parenting stress, and parenting behaviors of North Korean Women Refugees differed on their settlement period. The group settled in community from one to three years showed more depressed mood and parenting guilt than the group educated in Hanawon(Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees), and the group of settlement period from three to five years had the lowest scores on parenting stress among refugees. Hanawon group had the lowest scores on positive parenting behaviors. In North Korean Women Refugees, depressed mood had significant positive correlation with the parenting guilt and parenting stress, but with positive parenting behaviors, too. In South Korean Women, depressed mood was positively correlated with parenting guilt, parenting stress, and negatively correlated with positive parenting behaviors. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the predictability of depressed mood, parenting guilt, and parenting stress with parenting behaviors were 2.3%～36.6% in North Korean Women Refugees, and 2.0%～19.0% in South Korean Women. These predictive variables more affect on positive parenting behaviors than negative behaviors in North Korean Women Refugees, and on negative parenting behaviors than positive parenting behaviors in South Korean Women. Based on these result, psychological intervention for North Korean Refugees Women were discussed, and suggestion for future studies were described.
The purpose of the present study was to test a multi-dimensional hypothetical model on important variables of the intension of plastic surgery among female high shool students. The survey included 357 female high school students from Metropolitan area. Results of testing the model showed that internalization of the sociocultural standards of ideal apperance, body surveillance, body shame mediated the association between interpersonal sexual objectification experiences and the intension of plastic surgery. The internalization of the sociocultural standards of ideal apperance fullly mediated the relationship between interpersonal sexual objectification experiences and the body surveillance. And the internalization of the sociocultural standards of ideal apperance directly influenced on intension of plastic surgery or indirectly affected on intension of plastic surgery through body surveillance and body Shame. Implication for practice and future research are discussed.
The present study examined the differences between wives and husbands in external entrapment, submissive behavior, anger and the anger expression and the roles these factors on Hwa-Byung symptoms. Seventy five married couples(75 wives and 75 husbands) participated in this study, and they were asked to fill out questionnaires about related variables. The results showed that whereas external entrapment, submissive behavior, anger suppression were significantly associated with the levels of Hwa-Byung symptoms in the wives, external entrapment, submissive behavior, state and trait anger, anger expression were significantly associated with the levels of Hwa-Byung symptoms in the husbands. For the actor-partner interdependence model(APIM), the actor effects, for external entrapments and submissive behavior of both spouses were significant, the actor effect for the husband's anger-out, and the actor effect for the wive's anger-in were significant. The results of path analysis revealed that whereas husbands' external entrapment affected their Hwa-Byung symptoms directly and indirectly by their anger-out, The wives' external entrapment affected their Hwa-Byung symptoms directly and indirectly by their anger-in. Therefore, further study needs to be done on how to deal with entrapment and anger expression. The limitations of this study were discussed with suggestions.
The present study examined the differences between wives and husbands in external entrapment, submissive behavior, anger and the anger expression and the roles these factors on Hwa-Byung symptoms. Seventy five married couples(75 wives and 75 husbands) participated in this study, and they were asked to fill out questionnaires about related variables. The results showed that whereas external entrapment, submissive behavior, anger suppression were significantly associated with the levels of Hwa-Byung symptoms in the wives, external entrapment, submissive behavior, state and trait anger, anger expression were significantly associated with the levels of Hwa-Byung symptoms in the husbands. For the actor-partner interdependence model(APIM), the actor effects, for external entrapments and submissive behavior of both spouses were significant, the actor effect for the husband's anger-out, and the actor effect for the wive's anger-in were significant. The results of path analysis revealed that whereas husbands' external entrapment affected their Hwa-Byung symptoms directly and indirectly by their anger-out, The wives' external entrapment affected their Hwa-Byung symptoms directly and indirectly by their anger-in. Therefore, further study needs to be done on how to deal with entrapment and anger expression. The limitations of this study were discussed with suggestions.
The purpose of the study was to examine (1) how the attachment and subjective well-being differ according to gender, and (2) the different contribution of implicit and explicit attachment to subjective well-being in middle school students. The subjects in this study were 174 middle school students in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon Province. The results of this study were as follows. First, there were significant gender difference in positive affect and life satisfaction, while no gender difference in implicit, explicit attachment and negative affect. Second, the words used in the two sets of Implicit Association Test were classifiable and most students had more positive implicit attitudes of the self and their mother than of other people. Third, there were significant relationship between explicit attachment and three components of subjective well-being across gender, whereas the relationship between implicit attachment and subjective well-being differed according to gender. Fourth, explicit attachment predicted three components of subjective well-being in both boys and girls. In contrast, implicit attachment explained subjective well-being differently according to gender. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed.
The purposes of this study are to classify married people's sexual communication style, to examine the influences of each sexual communication style on quality of sex life and components of love, and to identify the differences in quality of sex life and components of love according to sexual communication style, demographic characteristics and marriage and sex life-related characteristics of subjects. Data used for this study were collected with questionnaire from 295 married men and women aged from 20s to 40s of Seoul, Kyong-ki, and In-cheon, Korea. The Questionnaire was composed of The Measure of Sexual Self-Disclosure, Derogatis Sexual Function Inventory(DSFI), Sexual Attitude Scale, Sexual Assertiveness Scale, Dyadic Sexual Regulation Scale, Likelihood of Consenting to Unwanted Sex, Jewish General Hospital(JGH) Sexual Self-Monitoring Form, Sexual Intimacy Scale, and The Sternberg Triangular Love Scale. The statistical methods adopted for data analysis were cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA. As the results of this study, sexual communication style was classified into four groups: reciprocal style, speculative style, self-centered style, passive style. Reciprocal style represented the highest levels of quality of sex life and love among four sexual communication styles. On the other hand, Speculative style represented the lowest levels of quality of sex life and love among four sexual communication styles. There were significant differences in self-centered style and passive style according to the levels of Sexual Attitude, Consenting to Unwanted Sex, and Sexual Regulation. Quality of sex life and love has significant differences on sex, age, and period of marriage. Finally, implication and limitation of this study were discussed.
This study examined the impact of acculturative stress and perceived social support on depression among female marriage immigrants in South Korea. Specifically it investigated the direct effects on depression of four different sources of perceived social support (i.e., husband, in-laws, friend, and social worker), and explored the extent to which these support measures moderate the impact of acculturative stress on depression. Data were drawn from a self-administered questionnaire study in which 558 female marriage immigrants participated through the 36 centers for multicultural family support, distributed nationwide. As expected, results of multiple regression analyses revealed that respondents with a higher level of acculturative stress expressed a higher level of depressive symptoms in all analyses. In separate analyses for each measure of perceived social support and its interaction term with acculturative stress, each support measure showed a significant main effect on depression, and none of the interaction terms was significant. In an analysis of the full model, including 4 types of social support measure, only two support measures, perceived spouse support and in-laws support showed significant direct effects. These results suggest a positive direct link between perceived social support and mental health, and that perceived social support may not moderate the impact of acculturative stress on these women’s depression. Finally directions for future studies and clinical practice implications were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to have a phenomenological understanding of the experiences in the marital relationship after the first baby is born. For this purpose, thirteen couples (marriage duration of less than five years; within three years of the child birth) were recruited and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interview data were analyzed through the open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In the next step, we derived the marital relationship paradigm after the first baby arrived. The causal/situational conditions that caused changes in the marital relationship were the parenting burden and the marital adjustment level. The central phenomena were parenting and housework burden, which were moderated by the husbands' support. The action/interaction strategies were couple's high awareness and acceptance for their new role and pursuit of the shared meaning of the family. When the strategies were successful, a deeply satisfying feeling and shared values could be obtained. Finally, we identified the core category to integrate of other categories into a conceptual framework, and that is 'the awareness and acceptance for their new role and the pursuit of a sense of We-ness'.
This study investigated MMPI-2 profiles and relative effect of childhood abuse and traumatic events during prostitution, in relation to complex PTSD(CPTSD) of 42 female sex workers. Compared to the controls, the target group significantly higher than the controls in all of the CPTSD symptoms and 52.4% were assumed as the CPTSD high-risk group. Analysis of the content scales revealed that alterations in self-perception and interpersonal relationship were especially significant. The MMPI-2 profiles of the target group showed F-related scale and Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pt, Sc, Si scales, with Pd and psychotic scales elevated above 60T. This was different from the profiles of PTSD and depressive disorder, while more similar to the profiles of childhood abused or sexually abused group. The sex workers also had experienced significantly more childhood abuse than the controls. The effect of the childhood separation and adulthood interpersonal severance/conflict in target group were relatively higher than other childhood abuses or traumatic events during prostitution and the effect of childhood competence were significant in both groups.