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open access
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ISSN : 1229-0718
This study examined the relationships between sibling and friends relationships and 5-factor personality traits with children and adolescents. Results revealed in sibling relationships female and elementary school students had more warmth than male and high school students and high/middle school ones had more conflict than elementary school ones. In friends relationships female had more warmth than male and high school ones had more conflict than elementary and middle school ones. Both relationships correlated significantly with personality traits. As the results of hierarchical regression, warm sibling relationships in condition of female, low age, high conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion and conflictual sibling ones in condition of high age and high neuroticism were expected. Also warm friends relationships in condition of female, high extraversion and agreeableness and conflictual friends ones in condition of high age, high neuroticism and low agreeableness were expected.
This study examined the age-related changes in children’s understanding of second-order beliefs, and assessed the effect of task simplification (i.e. the reduction of information-processing demands of the false belief task) on such understanding. Five-, 7-, and 9-year-old children (N=78) performed three second-order false belief tasks. Two standard tasks were a Perner and Wimmer(1985)’s story and a Sullivan, Zaitchik, and Tager-Flusberg (1994)’s story. A new task was made simpler in its story structure by reducing the number of characters and scenes, and the story length. All tasks included probe and feedback procedures, which Sullivan et al. proposed for enhancing young children’s performance. The findings were: (1) between 5 and 7 years of age, children underwent a significant developmental change in their second-order understanding, (2) 5-year-old children who appeared to fail the standard tasks performed significantly better on the new, simplified task, showing that 65% of them were able to successfully attribute second-order false beliefs. These findings suggest that at age 5, children can acquire the second-order understanding in a simplified false belief task, and also that task simplification can facilitate children’s acquisition of such understanding.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of filial anxiety and attachment quality on the willlingness to provide parental care among Korean college students. 242 College students (108 males and 242 females) in Seoul and Kyunggi Province were surveyed. The mediational and moderational effect of two dimension of filial anxiety on attachment and willingness to provide parental care were investigated. Finding suggest that relationship between attachment anxiety and willingness to provide parental care was completely mediated by anxiety to meet perceived demands of caregiving role(FAA) and moderated by anxiety about parents welfare. The relationship between attachment avoidance and willing to provide parental care was partially mediated by anxiety about parents welfare(FAB). Implication for caregiver burden and limitation of the present study are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of EQ-C (Children’s versions of the Empathy Quotient) which was developed by Auyeung et al. (2009) to measure empathy for children. In this study we used the EQ-C as a self-report questionnaire. A total of 290 elementary students in 5 grades participated. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors: cognitive empathy, emotional response and social skills. In terms of the reliability, the internal consistency of the Korean version of EQ-C was high (Cronbach’s = .82), and the test-retest reliability over two months was relatively stable (Cronbach’s = .67). In order to test the validity of the Korean version of EQ-C, we examined the association between the EQ-C and Empathy Scale (Park, 1997) which was the another popular measure of empathy for children, and the associations between the EQ-C and the psychological constructs of prosocial behavior and aggression. Correlation analyses revealed positive correlations between the Korean version of EQ-C and the Empathy Scale and the Prosocial Behavior Scale, but a negative correlation between the Korean version of EQ-C and the Aggression Scale. The three-factor construct of cognitive empathy, emotional empathy and social skills had been demonstrated to be held to the 3 graders, suggesting that the self-report Korean version of EQ-C could be used to the 3 graders.
This study investigated whether 3-year-old children can use the grammatical form of an actor’s word during imitation. Children watched an actor move her hand towards one of two novel-object drawings on a board in hopping or sliding action style. The actor uttered a sentence including a novel word followed by either a nominative case marker (Noun condition) or a morpheme marking progressive tense (Verb condition), or did not utter anything during her action (Baseline condition). In Experiment 1, the children reproduced the final location of the actor’s action in the noun condition more often than in the verb and baseline conditions. In Experiment 2, the actor and children acted on their own separate boards, unlike in Experiment 1 in which they shared the board. Children were less likely to copy the final location in the verb condition than in the baseline condition. These results suggest that the grammatical form of actor’s word can influence children’s understanding of others’ goals.
This study examined the development of theory of mind and executive function, and then the relation between them in Korean children. Theory of mind was measured by 3 kinds of ToM tasks (discrepant belief tasks, false belief tasks, appearance-reality tasks). Executive function was measured by 3 types of tasks (conflict inhibition tasks, delayed inhibition tasks, working memory tasks). The finding indicated that 3-year-olds understand the discrepant beliefs, but not false beliefs and appearance-reality. There was a developmental change between age 3 and 5 in the latter tasks. Korean children showed good performance in inhibition tasks from the early age, while there was a developmental change between age 3 and 4 in the development of working memory. The overall performance on executive function tasks was better in Korean children than in western children. Executive function measures were not correlated with ToM measures. The results suggested that executive function does not seem to play a role in the development of theory of mind in Korean children.
The Korean version of the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale for adolescents (K-MSLSS) assesses adolescents’ subjective perceptions of Life Satisfaction (LS) in five conceptually relevant domains: Friends, Family, School, Living Environment, and Self. The purpose of the present study was to validate the five-factor structure of the K-MSLSS using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) procedures by means of the AMOS 19.0 statistical program. Of the 682 adolescents (12.97 years, SD= .75) recruited from three public middle schools in Seoul. The data from 311 students were used for the exploratory factor analysis and the data from 371 students were used for the confirmatory factor analysis. Results of the analyses found that the five-factor structure of K-MSLSS is applicable for use with Korean adolescents from 12-14 years of age regardless of gender.
The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Echelle Globale du Sentiment de Competence Parentale(EGSCP) scale developed by Meunier and Roskam(2009) to validate its use in Korea. EGSCP assessing five domain-specific self-efficacy beliefs and related cognitive constructs of parents was double-translated and modified to fit Korean subjects(K-EGSCP). The study consisted of two groups of subjects for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses respectively: two hundreds and two mothers of young children in range of three to seven-year-olds and four hundreds and twenty three mothers of toddlers and young children in range of one to seven years of age. Twenty nine items and seven factors including Nurturance, Instrumental Care, Discipline, Play, Teaching, Parental Responsibility, and Parental Control of Outcomes appeared in the exploratory factor analysis. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, a hierarchical model consisting of two second-level-factors and seven first–level-factors confirmed its validity. The total factors of K-EGSCP demonstrated proper internal consistency and clear patterns of convergent and discriminant validity. With existing domain-general and task-specific measures of parenting efficacy, the Korean version of the EGSCP adds domain-specific aspects of self-efficacy in parenting and includes other related cognitive construct.
Three-year-old children have a robust bias to trust adult’s testimony, even after they witnessed what actually happened, and that the adult’s testimony was incorrect. By contrast, children older than 4 years do not show such bias to trust other’s testimony as soon as they realize that the informant provided wrong information. Resent studies suggest, however, that 3-year-olds can overcome this bias when they have a direct experience about the accuracy of information provided by a particular informant. In the present study, we investigated whether 3-year-olds can utilize indirect experience (observing others’ interactions as a third person) about potential informants with whom they have to directly interact with later. Three- to four-year-olds first observed two potential adult informants’ interaction under a sticker-finding game situation, and then were asked to play the same game with one of the informants. The results showed that even 3-year-olds can track an informant’s (in)accuracy during observation and use such experience to determine who they can trust versus not.
The main purpose of this study was to explore the positive effects of grateful disposition on subjective well-being and relationships among grateful disposition, social relation and self-esteem in female elders. Data was collected in Busan from fifty normal female elders and fifty low-income female elders living alone receiving social welfare services. The results were as follows. First, low-income female elders living alone reported more gratitude on their nation and volunteers to support them while normal female elders reported more gratitude on their family and themselves. Second, grateful disposition was positively correlated with subjective well-being and self-esteem in both of the two groups, while social relations such as offspring relation and friendship was positively correlated with grateful disposition only in normal female group. Third, amount of variance in subjective well-being explained by grateful disposition was 19.9% after controlling demographic variables, and 14.0% after controlling both demographic variables and friendship in low-income female elders, while in normal female elders, it was 19.8% after controlling demographic variables, and 8.9% after controlling both demographic variables and offspring relation and friendship. The findings suggest that grateful disposition may have a greater positive impact in low-income female elders.