This study was to look into the differences of the empowerment based on the social demographic characteristics of mothers from multi-cultural families and to find out how much influence the optimism and psychological well-being have on the empowerment. Data was collected by surveying the 400 mothers from multi-cultural families across the nation. The results indicated that regarding the differences of the empowerment according to the factors of the demographic systematics, there were the differences of the empowerment depending on how old they are, how long they have been married, how much educated they are, what kind of jobs they have and how many children they have. Secondly, for the influence on the empowerment of the optimistic attitude and psychological well-bing, the self-acceptance, the power to control the environment, the goals of life, and the personal background of uprising have an influence on the sense of self-efficiency among other things. Thirdly, he self-acceptance, the power to control the environment, the goals of life, and the personal background of uprising also have an effect on the self-esteem. In addition, the power to control the environment and the positive relationships with others coming from the psychological well-being have an impact on the lethargy-power. Lastly, the self-acceptance, autonomy, the power to control the environment, the goals of life derived from the optimism and psychological well-being influence the social activities in the local communities and their autonomy.
This study was to look into the differences of the empowerment based on the social demographic characteristics of mothers from multi-cultural families and to find out how much influence the optimism and psychological well-being have on the empowerment. Data was collected by surveying the 400 mothers from multi-cultural families across the nation. The results indicated that regarding the differences of the empowerment according to the factors of the demographic systematics, there were the differences of the empowerment depending on how old they are, how long they have been married, how much educated they are, what kind of jobs they have and how many children they have. Secondly, for the influence on the empowerment of the optimistic attitude and psychological well-bing, the self-acceptance, the power to control the environment, the goals of life, and the personal background of uprising have an influence on the sense of self-efficiency among other things. Thirdly, he self-acceptance, the power to control the environment, the goals of life, and the personal background of uprising also have an effect on the self-esteem. In addition, the power to control the environment and the positive relationships with others coming from the psychological well-being have an impact on the lethargy-power. Lastly, the self-acceptance, autonomy, the power to control the environment, the goals of life derived from the optimism and psychological well-being influence the social activities in the local communities and their autonomy.
This study investigated how infants’ and preschoolers’ empathy is related to maternal morality. Mothers’ altruistic behaviors were measured by using the reinforcement learning task in which the mothers learned the association between an ambiguous figure and a reward for either self, other, or both. The mothers also completed self-report questionnaires on altruism, social value orientation, Machiavellism, and children's empathy. The results showed the positive correlation between mothers’ altruistic behaviors in the reinforcement learning task and their children’s empathy. Amoral characteristics of mothers in Machiavellism scale were negatively related to their children’s empathy. Mothers with high desire for status tended to have infants with the low level of empathy. Mothers who were willing to manipulate others for their benefit were more likely to have preschoolers who had the low level of empathy. The current research provides new perspectives on how to measure mothers' morality related to the development of children's morally relevant emotions.
This research aimed to explore the possibility and effectiveness of using dreams in counseling middle-aged women. In terms of the perspective on dreams, this research focused on the phenomenological approach on dreams. Using Consensual Qualitative Research(CQR), 12 middle- aged women were interviewed on dream experiences. Based on the analysis, 3 core ideas, 3-4 domains in each core idea, and 23 categories were drawn. In the “Attitude on dreams” core idea, “Reflecting the past”, “Sense of connection with the feeling in reality”, and “Trust in the ability to predict the future” domains were retrieved. In the “ Relationships with myself and others” core idea, “Relationship with children”, “Relationship with spouse”, “Relationship with parents and ancestors” and “Relationship with myself” domains were drawn. Finally, “In the usage of dreams” core idea, “Usage of dreams as precautions”, “Usage of dreams as a means of religious spirit”, and “Usage of dreams in real life” were developed. Based on the findings, several suggestions were discussed for the possibility and the effectiveness of using dreams in counseling middle-aged women.
This study aimed to identify the variables that affect married workers’ work-life balance and to verify gender differences in individual variables(WLB belief, resilience), family variables(work support, satisfaction to sharing family work), organization variables(WLB culture, inefficient working system). Moreover, this study assessed the relationships between work-life balance and quality of life, marital satisfaction, intentions to withdraw in a sample of 520 married workers(mal2: 258, female: 262). The results were as followed. Firstly, regression analyses showed that the inefficient working systems were strongly associated with men’ work-life balance, while satisfaction to sharing family work and WLB culture, as well as inefficient working systems, were strongly associated with women’s work-life balance. Secondly, The results indicated that there were no sexual differences in the effects of work-life balance on quality of life and intentions to withdraw, while there were significant sexual differences in marriage satisfaction. Especially, marital satisfaction was affected by work-family balance in men. On the other hand, work-leisure balance was the key factor to affect on women’s marital satisfaction.