This study is an exploratory study examining how somatization symptom of middle-aged women changes by searching experience of middle-aged women with somatization tendency who participated in the focusing application education program. Through it, the study desires to examine a focusing adaptability about decrease of somatization symptom of middle-aged women and to suggest a basic data for development of a program that helps them. To achieve it, this study publicly recruited participants from various organizations in the suburbs of Seoul, so conducted total 12-hour focusing application education program targeting middle-aged women with somatization tendency whose somatization criterion of The Symptom Check List(SCL-90-R) is more than 19 points during 2 days, and finally, 10 women participated in the study. This study conducted an individual interview targeting participants, so data was analyzed by using a study method of Giorgi among phenomenological methods. As a result of the analysis, 10 focal meanings were deducted from 31 themes. The focal meanings are 1. States of mind realizing somatization symptoms, 2. Problem-solution, 3. Motive of program participation, 4. Experiencing that I am connected with others, 5. Experiencing acceptance and respect for myself, 6. Possibility of healthy distance, 7. A strange stay and a vague division between thinking and feeling, 8. Fear about self-openness, 9. Possibility of staying at inconvenience, and 10. Improvement of confidence. Lastly, the study examined detailed characteristics of the focusing application education program, and suggested a method to revitalize a focusing and the future study direction.
Reality therapy and feminist intervention has been applied to clients with various gender issues such as domestic violence, sexual abuse, and marital problems. Both therapies have different therapeutic goals, respectively. Reality therapy emphasizes change of the client, but feminist intervention pursuits change of social structure and institution which trigger and maintain individuals’ suffering. The purpose of the present study was to seek theoretical compromise and integration of reality therapy and feminist perspective, and to try therapeutic approach to spousal infidelity case. The client initially blamed her husband for spousal infidelity, attributed his infidelity to her own unattractiveness and complained symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) and negative emotions such as depression, anger and shame. The 12 sessions of reality therapy with feminist perspective were conducted for the client. The client showed significant decreases in PTSD symptoms and negative emotions at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. The authors are able to confirm that reality therapy with feminist perspective can extend clients’ awareness and insight on their problems and sufferings and complement the limitations of psychotherapy. Future direction for therapeutic approach and research was discussed.
Reality therapy and feminist intervention has been applied to clients with various gender issues such as domestic violence, sexual abuse, and marital problems. Both therapies have different therapeutic goals, respectively. Reality therapy emphasizes change of the client, but feminist intervention pursuits change of social structure and institution which trigger and maintain individuals' suffering. The purpose of the present study was to seek theoretical compromise and integration of reality therapy and feminist perspective, and to try therapeutic approach to spousal infidelity case. The client initially blamed her husband for spousal infidelity, attributed his infidelity to her own unattractiveness and complained symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) and negative emotions such as depression, anger and shame. The 12 sessions of reality therapy with feminist perspective were conducted for the client. The client showed significant decreases in PTSD symptoms and negative emotions at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. The authors are able to confirm that reality therapy with feminist perspective can extend clients' awareness and insight on their problems and sufferings and complement the limitations of psychotherapy. Future direction for therapeutic approach and research was discussed.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of acceptance of sexual violence myths, interpersonal violence acceptance and sex role related attitudes on aggressive sexual behavior. The participants were 360 students (171 males, 189 females). T-test, correlation analysis were used for the analysis of data collected from the participants. According to the results, male students generally showed higher degree of acceptance in myths on rape and sexual harassment. The main purpose of this study is to identify that there are diffrences about the attitudes on sexual violence myths (rape, sexual harassment), interpersonal violence acceptance, and sex role related between sexually aggressive group and non-agressive group. In this study, there is a significant correlation between myths on sexual violence, interpersonal violence acceptance and sex role related attitudes. Sexually aggressive group and non-aggressive group showed a significant difference in the acceptance of interpersonal violence and anti-feminism attitude. Proposals for sexual violence prevention and related education through the result obtained are as follow; First of all, focus on alleviating the individual’s violent act and strengthening the gender equality awareness is needed. Also, contents regarding the reforming of common notions that encourage the legitimacy or rationalization of aggressive sexual behavior should be included.
This study examines perception and experience of child abuse at day care centers and need for counseling among 519 mothers. Major findings are as follows. First, 76 mothers (14.6%) had experience or suspicion of their children having been abused at day care centers and 92 mothers (17.7%) had experience or suspicion of other children having been abused at day care centers. The most frequently adopted response was to protest against abusing teachers or directors. The biggest reason of taking no actions was the probability of being harmed or disadvantaged when their children were abused and that the degree of abuse was not serious enough to intervene or evidence was not clear when other children were abused. Second, the biggest cause of child abuse by day care center teachers was job stress followed by characteristic problems and mental health problems of teachers. Third, in terms of follow-up measures, cancellation of teaching license was demanded most highly for abusing teachers while administration of in-depth psychological assessment for abused children and their parents. Fourth, child abuse counseling was mostly done at the mental health department of hospitals in the format of professional psychological test and diagnosis, and 11 mothers (47.8%) responded the level of satisfaction with counseling was mediocre. Fifth, 470 mothers (90.6%) said they would use a counseling center specialized in child abuse by day care center teachers if such organization was established. They said such organization would help them decide on whether to report abuse of their children as well as prevent child abuse. They also responded the organization should be installed in the counseling center in the comprehensive child care support center. Sixth, 498 mothers (94.2%) said counselors specialized in development and psychology of young children were required to address child abuse by day care center teachers for play therapy for young children and counseling for parents and teachers. Qualification was at least college graduates who majored in psychology and child care with three to five years of field experience under appropriate licenses or certificates. Finally, they demanded mandatory installation of CCTVs in day care centers to prevent and eliminate child abuse at day care centers. Implications and follow-up research were also provided and suggested based on the findings.
The purpose of this study was to examine differences in self-efficacy and aging anxiety according to age, income, marital status and education and the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relation between age and aging anxiety in adult women in two cities. For this study, data were collected from 467 women who registered in the day care education center and civic education program in the social welfare institute in two big cities. Instruments included AAS(Anxiety about Aging Scale) by Lasher & Faulkender(1993) and Self-Efficacy Scale corrected by Hong(1995). The results of this study were as follows. There were different by age and marital status but was no difference by income in self-efficacy and aging anxiety. According to education there were differences in self-efficacy and fear of old people that was one factor of aging anxiety. Self-efficacy moderated the relation between age and fear of old people, implying that the level of self-efficacy play an important role as a protective factor in fear of old people in Korean adult women. Based on the results, findings and implications were discussed.
The purpose of this paper is to objectively evaluate the psychological difficulties of North Korean adolescent defectors living in South Korea (NKAD, N=202), by comparison with South Korean Adolescents (SKA, N=194). The scores on 11 scales of Psychological State Inventory for North Korean Adolescent Refugees (PSI-NKR-A) were compared across the country of origin, gender, and age. PSI-NKR-A is a brief self-report questionnaire designed to evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology of NKAD. MANOVA showed that NKAD had higher scores on Post-Traumatic Stress and Psychosis scales than SKA, while the latter had higher scores on Academic Stress. Female adolescent had higher scores on Depression, Somatization, Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Low Self-Esteem, Academic Stress, Internalization Problems and Total Scores than Male adolescent, while the latter had higher scores on Conduct Problems. And High school students had higher scores on these scales than Middle school students. Interaction effects of country of origin by gender and gender by age on Post-Traumatic Stress and Anxiety, and Interpersonal Sensitivity scales were significant. Analysis of the simple main effect showed that NKAD Females had significantly higher scores on Post-Traumatic Stress and Anxiety scales than NKAD Males, but SKA had no difference on these scales on their gender. High school Male students showed higher scores on Anxiety and Interpersonal Sensitivity scales than Middle school Male Students, Female adolescent had no difference on these scales on their age. Based on these result, psychological intervention for North Korean adolescent defectors were discussed, and suggestion for future studies were described.
The purpose of this study was to understand the developmental process of a female counselor in her late fifties participated in Sewol ferry disaster counseling in An-san region last year. She participated in providing counseling for the victims' families of Sewol ferry disaster, additionally establishing governmental psychological supports plan for recovering collective trauma in An-san region community, through which she have gotten self-reflection of whole her life. For in-depth interview data analysis, Mandelbaum’s three conceptual frameworks were employed; dimensions, turnings, and adaption. Result of study indicated the extracted categories such as ‘having a self image in youth’, ‘marriage in fairy-tale’, ‘unexpected death of husband’, ‘taking a step forward from darkness’, the way of counselor’, nice grown child’, and ‘Sewol ferry disaster’ in life dimension, ‘death in front of life’, and ‘milestone in life, counseling’ in turning points, and ‘before Sewol ferry disaster’, and ‘after Sewol ferry disaster’ in adaption. Life history methods revealed the counselor’s internal developmental process by analyzing what Sewol ferry disaster influenced on an individual life, especially a counselor's one, what changes she went through, and how she adapted herself to that. On the basis of the results, discussions and suggestions are provided.
The purpose of this study was to examine the dual mediating effect of emotional exhaustion and work-family conflict(work to family interfering) in the relationship between subordinates’ emotional labor(surface acting) and life satisfaction. A total of 547 employees working at various companies in Korea participated in an on-line survey, 357 data were used for statistical analysis after the elimination of inadequate sample including unmarried persons. In order to examine the dual mediation model, structural equation modeling was conducted through AMOS programs. The results demonstrated that the model of a full mediation effect of emotional exhaustion and work-family conflict was supported. And latent mean analysis showed that females has significantly higher work-family conflict than males while there was no significant gender differences in other variables(surface acting, emotional exhaustion, life satisfaction) as well as path coefficients. On the basis of the results, the implications and future research directions were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological studies of sexual self-determination right on women. Previous studies about sexual self-determination rights with new terms of ‘sexual self-assertiveness’ and ‘sexual self’ were examined in the context of several couple relationships. Researchers reported the correlations of sexual self-determination rights with dating violence, domestic violence and sexual violence. This study found that violating a person’s sexual self-determination right produced bad results on woman’s mental health. The psychological variables used in previous studies included the following: gender stereotype, dating violence, domestic violence and sexual violence, sexual communication and satisfaction with romantic and marital relationship. According to the review, researches with the concept of a sexual self-determination right were explained and enriched to a new term of specialized concept. Lastly, the limitations and directions for the future research were also discussed based on the research findings.