This study aims at confirming the factors that affect the cognitive level of occupational information of women whose careers have been interrupted and getting the implications for the way to improve their cognitive level of occupational information that is important to reemployment. This study examine whether various factors that precedent studies show can cause individual information gap such as desire for information seeking, information processing strategy, social network, internet information literacy have a signigicant influence on the cognitive level of occupational information. Research subjects are 375 career-interrupted women and participated through 11 institutes for vocational education and training for women. Research tool is questionnaires that measure the cognitive level of occupational information and information gap factors. Researcher constructed them in reference of information gap theories and previous studies. Construct validity and reliability of research tool were verified each by factor analysis and interitem consistency. According to the results of data analysis, the cognitive level of occupational information was 30.3% explained by the information gap factors. The regression model was statistically significant(F=33.500, p<.001). In terms of the influence of individual information gap factors, the cognitive level of occupational information was most affected by internet information literacy(β=.309, p<.001), followed by information processing strategy(β=.179, p<.01), desire for information seeking(β=.146, p<.01) and institutional network(β=.102, p<.05). On the other hand, individual network don't have a significant effect on the cognitive level of occupational information. And by analyzing difference of information gap factors from demographic characteristic and employment background variables, it showed difference according to age, level of education, income, period of work experience and preparation period for employment. As a result, it provided practical implication to enhance cognitive level of occupational information by career-interrupted women and suggested implication to reduce the occupational information gap among career-interrupted women.
In this clinical study, 5 female clients who had been previously diagnosed with Hwabyung participated in Adlerian-based individual counseling. A total of 15 counseling sessions (each 60 minutes) was conducted according to four stages of Adlerian counseling. Pre- and Post-assessment revealed that all of the clients showed decreased Hwabyung and depressive symptoms as well as increased psychological well-being. We discussed how Adlerian theory of Individual Psychology could be applied to conceptualize Hwabyung and presented the actual counseling process with 5 female clients experiencing Hwabyung.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating effects of self-efficacy in the relationship between loneliness and social media addiction. The study was based on 341 undergraduate female students (mean age=20.52 years, SD=1.85) at a university in Seoul, Korea who completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, and SNS Addiction Tendency Scale. Based on the correlational analyses, results revealed that loneliness was negatively related with self-efficacy and positively related with social media addiction tendency. Self-efficacy was also negatively correlated with social media addiction tendency. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between loneliness and social media addiction tendency. These results highlight the importance of evaluating self-efficacy when studying social media addiction, as well as addressing the effects that loneliness may have on self-efficacy in order to lower the risk for social media addiction. Study limitations are also discussed.
This study aims to analyze the effects of mother’s temperament and depression on a child’s character development, which is mediated by parenting attitude. One hundred and twenty three elementary students (boys=60, girls=63) and their mothers in seven different regions in Korea filled out questionnaires including TCI-RS, JTCI 7-11, PARQ/Control (Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire/Control), and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). Mother's Harm Avoidance (HA) temperament had a significantly positive correlation with Depression, but Persistence (P) temperament had a significantly negative correlation with Depression. Among mother’s temperament traits except Reward Dependence (RD), Novelty Seeking (NS) temperament had a positive correlation with aggression/hostility, indifference/negligence, and undifferentiated rejection of negative parenting attitude. HA temperament had a negative correlation with warmth/affection. It also had a positive correlation with the other negative parenting attitude. Mothers’ temperament, NS and HA had a negative correlation with child’s character, and P had a positive correlation with it. In terms of parenting attitude except for control, mother's depression had a negative correlation with warmth/affection, and it had a positive correlation with the other negative parenting attitudes. Among mother’s temperament traits except for RD, NS and HA had a positive correlation with child’s Self-Directedness (SD) and Cooperativeness (C). In addition, P had a negative correlation with SD and C of a child’s character. Mother’s Parenting Attitude had a significant correlation with child's SD and C character. It also had a positive correlation with warmth/affection attitude and negative correlation with every negative parenting attitude (i.e., aggression/hostility, indifference/negligence and control). In short, Mother’s Temperament and Depression mediated by parenting attitude affects child’s character. In addition, Mother’s Parenting Attitude had a direct effect on child’s character significantly, and mother’s temperament had a significant effect on child’s character indirectly. The significance and limitation of this study were discussed.
This study set out to examine the daily life stress, depression, and anxiety levels of married middle-aged women and thus their adjustment to contemporary life. The study also aimed to investigate whether ego-identity could mitigate the negative effects of daily life stress on psychological adjustment and provide data needed to solve the issues experienced by married middle-aged women. For those purposes, the study conducted difference, correlation, and regression analysis with 294 married middle-aged women of 40-59 in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, and Chungnam Province. The findings were summarized as follows: their daily life stress, depression, and anxiety levels were relatively low with a good level of ego-identity, which leads to an inference that the married middle-aged women that participated in the present study did not have a big sense of crisis. There were negative correlations between daily stress and ego-identity and between ego-identity and depression and anxiety and positive correlations between daily stress and depression and anxiety. Health stress of daily stress and ego-identity especially had impacts on depression and anxiety. Health stress and ego-identity had significant effects on depress in the order, and ego-identity and health stress had significant effects on anxiety in the order. Finally, both health stress and ego-identity had significant interactions with depression and anxiety. When more specific interactive patterns were analyzed, the effects of health stress were significant only when their ego-identity was low. Based on those findings, the study discussed its significance and limitations.
This study was designed to gain more insight in the relationship between the reconciliation of work and family and dual-earner women's resignation from job. We investigated the effects of work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict, work-to-family enhancement, family-to-work enhancement on possibility to resign from a job. The panel data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families in 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2012 were used. Participants were 259 female paid workers in their 20s-40s, who started their current job at the first year of survey. The discrete-time survival analysis was conducted. The likelihood of resignation from job gradually decreases over time. Concerning the change around the third year, piecewise functions were considered. The result suggested that only the work-to-family enhancement had an effect on possibility to resign from job. The lower the work-to-family enhancement people experienced, the greater the increase in the yearly likelihood of resignation was. Work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict, family-to-work enhancement had no significant effect on the possibility to resign from job. Finally, on the basis of the findings of the present study, implications and suggestions for future research were addressed.
This research examined the effects of stress on mental health of female college students, and in particular the mediating effect of social support and the role of parent-offspring communication on this mediating path. The data regarding daily stress, mental health, social support, and parent-offspring communication style were collected from 82 female college students with Daily Hassles Scale, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Social Support Scale, Parent-Adolescent Communication Inventory. Correlational analysis, ANOVA, regression and path analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between the variables and to test the hypotheses. Results indicated that female college students’ stress had negative effect on their overall mental health, and social support mediated this effect. Also the interaction between stress and open-communication with father in particular showed a statistically significant path to mental health via the mediating role of social support. This finding reflects the tendency that Korean fathers recently feel less uncomfortable to interact with their daughters, which is different with the traditional perspective. Especially, the results suggest that it is necessary to support female college students for improving open-communication with fathers to alleviate the effect of daily stress on their mental health.
As women's social activities and multiple roles increase, the importance of education about gender role perception are growing. It is worth identifying the perception of preservice teachers because the influence of teachers is very large in education and they will teach the youth who also make a family in the future. Questionnaires were collected from 295 students who belong to college of education or completing a course of teaching. The results of this study were as followed: first, there were differences between male and female preliminary teachers in the gender role perception, specially in 'expected lyrics contribution ratio', 'career barriers'. But there were no differences in 'dual income status of parents', 'attitude about dual income status of parents', 'multiple role planning' and 'employment stereotypes of career barriers'. Second, women showed higher expectations of gender role including every lower measure. Third, the researchers tested the influence factors of gender role expectations. Finally, conclusions, implications and limitaions of the study were discussed.
The study examined female counselor’s counselor professional identity development experience. The grounded theory by Strauss and Corbin’s(1998) was adopted to elucidate the structure of their experiences. In-depth interviews with 8 female counselors who have counseling work experience for 3 years or more but less than five years were collected for the analysis. We deduced 77 concepts, 38 subcategories and 17 categories from the analysis and finally derived a paradigm model. The central phenomenon was ‘a passion and willingness to grow as a counselor’. We discussed the implication of the findings and suggested future research issues for counselor professional identity development.
This study aims to investigate moderating effect of self-examination in relationships between communication type and marital intimacy of middle-aged men and women. For this, analysis on moderating effect was conducted using data of 675 middle-aged men and women. As a result, different aspect was found from the moderating effect of self-examination in relationships between communication type and marital intimacy of middle-aged men and women. Specifically, as for middle-aged men, searching for others showed moderating effect in relationships between trans-opposite sex type and cognitive intimacy; searching for others showed moderating effect in relationships between discursive type and sexual intimacy; and, understanding of others showed moderating effect in relationships between blaming type and sexual intimacy. Meantime, as for middle-aged women, searching for others showed moderating effect in relationships between blaming type and cognitive intimacy; searching for others showed moderating effect in relationships between discursive type and cognitive intimacy; and, self-understanding showed moderating effect in relationships between discursive type and sexual intimacy. This study has a significant meaning to have investigated relationships between communication type, self-examination, and marital intimacy of middle-aged men and women and then, to have looked into an intervention strategy thereof.
Increasing of women's external activities makes their work-family multiple role conflicts, which cause career discontinuity and psychological burden on women. Therefore, it is important to understand women's experience in the multiple role conflicts and effective coping strategies. In this context, this research studies the effect of psychological distance as a strategy of boosting resilient and flexible thinking. For that, Construal Level Theory(CLT) has been applied to the experiment design using scenarios as stimulus. The results of the study are as follows. Psychologically distant group was superior in fluency and flexibility in producing alternatives. In terms of the coping style tendencies in alternatives, the psychologically distant group had a higher response rate for problem-centered coping strategies and lower rate for maladaptive coping strategies than the psychologically close group. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study have been discussed.
Through longitudinal approach, this study aims to investigate the transition of aggression and juvenile delinquent behavior during teenage years and the effect of aggression on juvenile delinquency. Particularly, forms of aggression and gender difference are investigated. 2,280 8th grade students and 2,108 10th grade students participated in this study. The result showed, in terms of aggression, 10th grade students have lower aggressive tendencies compared to the 8th grade students. Correlation between aggression and Juvenile delinquency showed that not only aggression has positive effect on delinquency, but also middle school students with higher aggressive tendencies tend to show higher level of delinquent behavior as they proceed to high school education. We have found that there was a positive correlation between the two domains; as the level of aggression rises, so does the frequency of delinquent behavior. In terms of gender, female students have higher aggressive tendencies compared to male students regardless of the grade level difference. The limitations of the study and suggestions for further research are discussed.