ISSN : 1229-0688
본 연구에서는 Carl Rogers와 Heinz Kohut의 공감 개념을 비교 분석해 보고, Kohut의 공감 개념이 Rogers의 공감 개념에 수렴하고 있음을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 Rogers와 Kohut의 공감의 개념 및 변화, 공감의 치료적 역할, 유사점과 차이점 등을 살펴보았다. Rogers의 공감 개념은 동일시에서 ‘as if’ 조건으로, 상태 공감에서 과정 공감으로, 동일시와 상태의 지각으로부터 의사소통기술로 변화함을 알 수 있었다. Kohut는 초기에 정신분석에서 자료수집의 한 방법인 대리적 내성으로 공감을 정의하였으나, 후기에는 넓은 의미에서 공감이 존재하는 것만으로도 치유적이라고 보았다. 따라서 Kohut의 공감 개념은 Rogers의 공감 개념에 수렴하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 Rogers의 공감은 내담자의 경험이 흐르도록 돕고, Kohut의 공감은 내담자의 자기 구조의 건설을 돕는다. Rogers와 Kohut은 공감을 치료의 주요한 본질적인 요소로 본다는 점, 공감을 하나의 근본적인 인식태도로 간주한다는 점, 의사소통으로서의 공감을 강조한 점, 그리고 치료자의 공감이 내담자의 자기성장에 기여한다는 점 등에 있어서는 의견을 같이하는 것으로 보였다. 그러나 Rogers와 Kohut은 공감의 치료적 관점, 공감의 범위, 정확한 공감적 이해의 의사소통, 그리고 공감을 통한 치료자의 부모 역할 등에 대해서는 입장의 차이를 보였다.
The aim of this article is, in the first place, to make a comparison between the concept of empathy developed by Carl Rogers and that by Heinz Kohut; in the second place, to make it clear that there are some similarities between two approaches. Various similarities and differences are discussed with regard to the therapeutic effect of empathy. Rogers' view on empathy has changed from identification to the condition of 'as if', from empathy of state to empathy of process, from identification and state awareness to the skill of communication. In his early theory, Kohut defined empathy as the vicarious introspection which is an important information-gathering activity in the traditional psychoanalysis, but he has later changed his view that in the psychotherapeutic situation therapist's empathy in general can work effectively. Accordingly it might be said that Kohut's concept of empathy has come closer to Rogers'. But for Rogers, empathy helps clients to let their experiences flow, but for Kohut, it helps them to develop their self-structures. The crucial similarities between two theorists are; 1) The empathy is the essential factor in psychotherapy, 2) It is the fundamental attitude of cognition, 3) It should be stressed as a skill of communication, 4) It tends to enhance clients' self-growth. In contrast, Roger and Kohut have showed marked differences in their positions regarding the therapeutic effect of empathy and its scope, the communication of accurate empathetic understanding, the therapists' parenting role through it.
강석헌, (2004) 도정신치료와 서양정신치료 국제포럼, 한국정신치료학회
김영란, (1999) 상담단계별 상담자 공감과 내담자 체험 및 상담성과와의 관계. 미발표 ,
김정규, (1998) 자기심리학과 게슈탈트 심리치료의 대화, 한국심리학회지: 임상
박병탁, (1990) 전통 정신분석과 자기 심리학에서의 empathy, 한국정신치료학회지: 정신치료
박성희, (1994) 공감, 공감적 이해, 서울: 원미사
윤순임, (1996) 공감(empathy)의 정신분석적 이해, 원광아동상담센터 회보
이은순, (1991) 상담실습자 교육에서의 공감훈련 효과의 분석-잠재력 개발 집단상담, 심리극 집단 상담과의 비교 ,
장성숙 , (1990) 토론 I, 한국정신치료학회지: 정신치료
조성호, (2004) 공감의 이해, 가톨릭대학교 학생생활상담소: 학생생활상담
Barrett-Lennard, G. T, (1997) The recovery of empathy - Toward others and self; Empathy reconsidered , Washington: American Psychological Association
Basch, M. F, (1983) Empathic understanding: A review of the concept and some theoretical consideration, Journal of American Psychoanalysis Association
Beres, D. B, (1974) Fantasy and identification in empathy , Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 43, 155-181.
Curnen, M. G, (1993) Binus, G. K., & Gaw, A. C. (1995). [BOOK FORUM]. Spiro, H., McCrea Empathy and the practice of medicine: Beyond pills and the scalpel, American Journal of Psychiatry
Bohart, A. C. , (1991) Empathy in client-centered therapy: A contrast with psychoanalysis and self psychology, Journal of Humanistic Psychology
Bohart, A. C, (1997) Empathy and psychotherapy: An introductory overview ; Empathy reconsidered, Washington: American Psychological Association
Bozarth, J. D, (1997) Empathy from the framework of client-centered theory and the Rogerian hypothesis; Empathy reconsidered, L. S. Greenberg
Washington: American Psychological Association. , (1989) Dimensionality of empathy and its correlates, The Journal of Psychology
Eagle, M, (1997) Empathy: A psychoanalytic perspective; Empathy reconsidered , Washington: American Psychological Association
Elliott, R, (1985) Helpful and nonhelpful events in brief counseling interviews: An empirical taxonomy, Journal of Counseling Psychology
Gladstein, G. A, (1983) Understanding empathy: Integrating counseling, development, and social psychology perspectives, Journal of counseling psychology
Greenberg, L. S, (1997) Varieties of empathic responding ; Empathy reconsidered, Washington: American Psychological Association
Hackney, H, (1978) The evolution of empathy , Personnel and Guidance Journal
Kahn, E. , (1985) Hienz Kohut and Carl Rogers, American Psychologist
Kirschenbaum, H, (1979) On becoming Carl Roger , New York: Delta/Dell
Kohut, H. , (1959) Introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis: An examination of the relationship between mode of observation and theory; The search for the self, 1, New York: International Universities Press
Kohut, H. , (1971) The analysis of the self , New York: International Universities Press
Kohut, H, (1977) The restoration of the self, New York: International Universities Press
Kohut, H. , (1981) On empathy; The search for the self, 4, 525-535. Madition, CT: International Universities Press
Kohut, H. , (1982) Introspection, empathy, and the semi-circle of mental health, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
Kohut, H, (1984) How does analysis cure? , Chicago: University of Chicago Press
MacISSAC, D. S, (1997) Empathy: Hienz Kohut's contribution; Empathy reconsidered, Washington: American Psychological Association
Marcia, J, (1987) Empathy and psychotherapy; Empathy and its development, New York: Cambridge University Press
Rogers, C. R. , (1942) Counseling and psychotherapy, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Rogers, C. R, (1951) Client-centered therapy, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Rogers, C. R. , (1957) The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change , Journal of consulting psychology
Rogers, C. R. , (1959) A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client centered framework; Psychology: A study of a science: Formulations of the person and the social context, New York: Mcgraw-Hill
Rogers, C. R. , (1975) Empathic: An unappreciated way of being, The counseling psychologist
Rogers, C. R. , (1980) A way of being, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Rogers, C. R. , (1995) What understanding and acceptance to me. , Journal of Humanistic Psychology
Rowe, C. E. , (1997) Expanding Attunement: A Contribution to the Experience-Near Mode of Observation; Empathy reconsidered, Washington: American Psychological Association
Shlien, J. , (1997) Empathy in psychotherapy: A vital mechanism? Yes. Therapist's conceit? All too often. By itself enough? No.; Empathy reconsidered, Washington: American Psychological Association
Stephan, A. T. , (1991) A comparison of psychoanalytic self psychology and Carl Rogers's person- centered therapy, Journal of Humanistic Psychology
Stolorow, R, (1987) Psychoanalytic treatment , Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press
Trop, J, (1991) A developmental perspective on analytic empathy, Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis
Vanaerschot, G. , (1997) Empathic Resonance as a source of experience-enhancing interventions Empathy reconsidered, Washington: American Psychological Association
Wispé, L, (1986) The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept a word is needed, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Wispé, L. , (1987) History of the concept of empathy; Empathy and its development, New York: Cambridge University Press
