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ISSN : 1229-0688
본 연구에서는 Carl Rogers와 Heinz Kohut의 공감 개념을 비교 분석해 보고, Kohut의 공감 개념이 Rogers의 공감 개념에 수렴하고 있음을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 Rogers와 Kohut의 공감의 개념 및 변화, 공감의 치료적 역할, 유사점과 차이점 등을 살펴보았다. Rogers의 공감 개념은 동일시에서 ‘as if’ 조건으로, 상태 공감에서 과정 공감으로, 동일시와 상태의 지각으로부터 의사소통기술로 변화함을 알 수 있었다. Kohut는 초기에 정신분석에서 자료수집의 한 방법인 대리적 내성으로 공감을 정의하였으나, 후기에는 넓은 의미에서 공감이 존재하는 것만으로도 치유적이라고 보았다. 따라서 Kohut의 공감 개념은 Rogers의 공감 개념에 수렴하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 Rogers의 공감은 내담자의 경험이 흐르도록 돕고, Kohut의 공감은 내담자의 자기 구조의 건설을 돕는다. Rogers와 Kohut은 공감을 치료의 주요한 본질적인 요소로 본다는 점, 공감을 하나의 근본적인 인식태도로 간주한다는 점, 의사소통으로서의 공감을 강조한 점, 그리고 치료자의 공감이 내담자의 자기성장에 기여한다는 점 등에 있어서는 의견을 같이하는 것으로 보였다. 그러나 Rogers와 Kohut은 공감의 치료적 관점, 공감의 범위, 정확한 공감적 이해의 의사소통, 그리고 공감을 통한 치료자의 부모 역할 등에 대해서는 입장의 차이를 보였다.
The aim of this article is, in the first place, to make a comparison between the concept of empathy developed by Carl Rogers and that by Heinz Kohut; in the second place, to make it clear that there are some similarities between two approaches. Various similarities and differences are discussed with regard to the therapeutic effect of empathy. Rogers' view on empathy has changed from identification to the condition of 'as if', from empathy of state to empathy of process, from identification and state awareness to the skill of communication. In his early theory, Kohut defined empathy as the vicarious introspection which is an important information-gathering activity in the traditional psychoanalysis, but he has later changed his view that in the psychotherapeutic situation therapist's empathy in general can work effectively. Accordingly it might be said that Kohut's concept of empathy has come closer to Rogers'. But for Rogers, empathy helps clients to let their experiences flow, but for Kohut, it helps them to develop their self-structures. The crucial similarities between two theorists are; 1) The empathy is the essential factor in psychotherapy, 2) It is the fundamental attitude of cognition, 3) It should be stressed as a skill of communication, 4) It tends to enhance clients' self-growth. In contrast, Roger and Kohut have showed marked differences in their positions regarding the therapeutic effect of empathy and its scope, the communication of accurate empathetic understanding, the therapists' parenting role through it.
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