ISSN : 1229-0688
Vol.10 No.1
Abstract
As increasing number of people seek counseling for help in this troubled world of crisis, many graduate students are attracted to counseling profession. It is well recognized that professional counselors should be qualified and equipped with both theory and practice. Most counselor educators agree that counseling supervision is an essential part of counselor education and training. Studies on counseling supervision suggest that the content and method of supervision must address the changing characteristics and needs of trainees, which differ across the developmental levels of trainees. The present study was an attempt to measure the developmental levels of Korean counselors by developing the Korean Counselor Level Questionaire(KCLQ). For the purpose of this dissertation, the following research problems were investigated. [Problem 1] What constructs are used to assess the development level of counselors by Korean supervisors? [Problem 2] Does the counselors' perception of their development level correlate to the training levels: the length of educational experience, counseling experience, & supervision experience? [Problem 3] Does the counselors' perception of their own developmental level differ between the beginning. intermediate and advanced counselors? [Problem 4] Does the supervisors' assessment on counselors' level for differ between the beginning, intermediate, and advanced counselors? To investigate [Problem 1], six supervisors were interviewed who have at least fifteen years of counseling and five years of supervision expeeriences. The contents fifteen years of counseling and five years of supervision experiences. The contents of interviews were analyzed qualitatively, and the items of the KCLQ were developed based on the results. KCLQ was sent out to 107 counselors to investigate [Problem 2], and [Problem 3]. To investigate [Problem 4], 59 supervisors were chosen and respond to the KCLQ and two vignettes. The vignettes were randomly sampled from those presented by beginning, intermediate, advanced counselors. They consisted of the abstracts of five sessions and one session of full transcription. Statistical techniques of ANOVA(analysis of variance). Scheffe-test for multiple comparision, F-test, and simple regression were utilized to examine the research problems. The results were as follows: [Problem 1]. Five domains were used by the Korean supervisors to assess counselors' developmental levels: Counseling skills & techniques, case conceptualization, emotional awareness, strategy (treatment planning, goal setting, interventions), humanistic and ethical attitudes. [Problem 2]. No significant correlation was found between the length of educational experience and the developmental level of counselors: however, the length of counseling experience highly correlates to the developmental level of counselors. Furthermore, the length of supervision experience and the developmental level of counselors are highly correlated. [Problem 3]. The beginning, intermediate and advanced counselors perceived their own developmental level differently. [Problem 4]. Supervisors assessed the counseling session of the beginning, intermediate and advanced counselors in accordance with the developmental level of the counselors. These results indicate that the developmental levels of counselors reflect their counseling experience level, and also suggest that the curriculum of counselor education emphasize on both clinical experience and supervisionin a good graduate program. And the program of counselor education and training has to be organized according to counselors' developmental levels. The KCLQ developed for this study was useful in assessing counselors' developmental levels.
Abstract
This study is a part of "International Study of the Development of Psychotherapists" which is a large scale multinational, collaborative research effort designed to study the professional development of psychotherapists(Orlinsky et al., in press, a). The stud specifically explores the difficulties in therapeutic practice experienced by psychotherapists from six different countries, belgium, France, Germany, Israel, America and Korea. It also examines what kinds of coping strategies these therapists employ when they encounter difficulties in their practice. The data for this study was obtained by using a subset of elements from the Development of Psychotherapists Common Core Questionnaire (CCQ). Using factor analysis and analyses of variance, the twenty items surveying "Difficulties in Therapeutic Practice" and Twenty-six items concerning "Coping Strategies" were statistically analized. The results show that there anr some differences in degree as to how therapists from different countries report experiencing difficulties and using coping strategies. American therapists perceive themselves to "Seek an Internal Solution" more than therapists from Germany and Korea. German therapists report "Seeking Relief away from Therapy" more than therapists from America and Korea. Also, Korean therapists report that they tend to "Consider Resigning from Case" more than therapists from Germany and America. Several discussions on the implication of the study is presented.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of counselor's anger proneness and anger discomfort on counselor's reactions to an angry client. The effects of counselor experience, gender, and age on couselor's reactions were also examined. Counselor's reactions include inaccurate perception of angry client's statements, anxiety with, anger toward, and avoudance response to an angry client. Fifty-five counselor trainees participated in this study. Counselor first completed the measures of counseling experience, anger proneness and anger discomfort, after which they viewed and gave their reactions to an angry client-actor on videotape. The findings of the study were as follows: 1) Counselor's anger proneness was not related to counselor's reactions to an angry client significantlys. Counselor's anger discomfort was positively related to state anxiety and distortion of inaccurate perception. 2) Counselors with high anger proneness and high anger discomfort showed more state anxiety than counselors with high anger proneness but low anger discomfort did. 3) Some experience factors were negatively related to state anxiety and avoidance response but were positively related to distortion of inaccurate perception. Age was negatively related to state anxiety but was positively related to distortion of inaccurate perception. Female counselors showed more state anxiey than male counselors did. 4) Anger discomfort partialled out the variance explained by some experience factors, gender, and age still accounted for a significant amount of variance for state anxiety. After partialled out the variance explained by some experience factors and age, anger discomfort still accounted for a significant amount for distortion of inaccurate perception. Several discussions on the implication and limitation of the study were presented.
Abstract
In order to assess the influence of the client's defensiveness on counselor-client interation and working alliance, this paper analyzes the verbal interaction between counselor and client, and the correlation between this interaction and working alliance. The taped records(first three counseling sessions) of the 30 college student client who agreed to participate inthe study were collected. and one session's full verbatims of each client were coded according to the Penman classification scheme. The base rate for each verbal response category and the related Kappa values were found, and the correlation between each of these values and working alliance scores were found. The followings are the results of this research. 1) The correlation between working alliance and counselor reaction was varied according to the level of client defensiveness. For example, while a negative correlation was found between the counselor's 'initiative' reaction and working alliance in the high defensiveness group, a postive correlation was shown in the low defensiveness group: 2) The counselor reaction category measures positively or negatively influencing the formation of working alliance, were also varied according to the level of client defensiveness. 3) The significant sequence pattern were also varied according to the level of client defensiveness. which could be interpreted as reflecting client characteristics: 4) Although the working alliance scores did not significantly vary accordings to the level of client defensiveness, the clients with normal range defensiveness tended to form relatively high working alliance.
Abstract
Development of relational communication in computer-mediated communication was measured in order to compare with that in face-to-face communication for 3 weeks with 24 college students. The aspect of development was ecaluated with the relational communicational measure which include seven dimensions: Immidiacy/affection, similarity/depth, receptiveness/trust, composure, formality, dominace, equality. On mediated condition, the results of similarity/depth and receptiveness/trust dimension were lower than those of face-to-face condition at the first observation. But, their difference bedame non-significant at the second observation. Composure and equality of computer-mediated condition were significantly superior than those of face-to-face condition at both observation. The aspect of development on communication channel and practical implications was discussed.
Abstract
This study examined how a counselor's interpersonal complementarity have to change over the counseling stages. Study 1 examined the relationship between the working alliance and the counselor's complementary responses. It was found that in the early stage there was not only positive correlation between the working alliance and positive complementarity but also negative correlation between the working alliance and negative complementarity On the other hand, no significant relation was found in the middle stage. Study 2. a longitudinal researcch on a relatively 'successful' and an 'unsuccessful' cases, examined how counselor's complementarity pattern changed over the sessions. In the 'successful' case, there was a signifcant 'low-high-low' negative complementarity pattern, while there was a tendency of a 'high-low-high' positive complementarity pattern. In the 'unsuccessful' case. although there was no specific pattern, the level of negative complementarity was generally high from the early sessions. The results imply that in the early stage it is helpful to keep the level of positive complementarity high and negative complemntarity low. But in the middle stage it might be necessary to make negative complementarity gradually high and to lower positive complementarity.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the free token response cost procedures in reducing disruptive behavior of hyperactive children in a elementary school Six hyperactive children, tested by the Conners Teacher-Parent Rating Scale, were administered by the free token response cost procedures. 12 sessions consisted of baseline I(2 sessions), free token response cost I (3 sessions), baseline II(2 sessions), free token response cost II(3 sessions) and follow-up (2 sessions). The free token response cost procedure reduced significantly nonccompliance with teacher, out-of-seat, interference with class of hyperactive children.
Abstract
This study is intended to find out subtypes of the university students' career decision status according to the Vocational Decision Status Model, proposed by Jones and Chenery(1980). Applying cluster analysis to three dimensions of the Vocational Decision Status Model, this study examined the applicability of the model to the typology of career decision status, subtypes of the university students' career decision status, and differences among subtype. Subjects of this study were 330 students(male 176, female 154) from three universities in Seoul. A set of questionaiers(Decidedness scale and Comfort scale of Career Decision Profile, Indecision scale of Career Decision Scale. Trait-Anxiety Inventory of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Identity scale of My Vocational Situation, and Internal-External Control Scale) was administered. And the data was analyzed by means of correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and One-way ANOVA. The results of cluster analysis showed that this model is applicable to the typology of university students' career decision status. The resulting 6-cluster solution described subtypes of the university students' career decision status. These six subtypes were named as confident decided type, multipotentialed type, tentative decided type. anxious decided type, confused undecided types, and implement anxious type. These subtypes showed significant differences in all variables incluster analysis and in trait-anxiety, vocational identity, and locus of control. Implications for vocational counseling and future research on the typology of career decision status discussed.
Abstract
This study was investigated the degree of career attitude maturity according to personal characteristics and psychological variables of high school students in Korea. The subjects for this study consisted of 2007 students from 7 high schools in the metropolitan area of Seoul. We measured the relationship between constructs of career attitude maturity-decisiveness, goal orientation, confidence, preparation, and independence-and personal characteristics-sex differences, curricular, and the grade level-and psychological variables-self esteem, work value, and locus of control-. The results of the degree of career attitude maturity in this study was different to previous studies. Generally, female students had a high scores in career sttitude maturity than male, but the results of this study seems that female tend to score higher on the construct fo goal orientation and preparation and that male tend to score higher on the construct of confidence and independence. Academic high school students tend to score higher than vocational high school students. There was no differences in the grade level of high schoolers. As a results of relationship between the career attitude maturity and psychological variables, the students in high self-esteem tend to score higher than low self-esteem. and intrinsic work value to score higher than extrinsic, and internal locus of control to score higher than external locus of control.
Abstract
This study examines and analyzes the trends of career counseling for students and their parents. The present study aims to investigate relationships between career awareness levels, student gender, and school level. The purpose of the present study was to provide effective methods and basic materials of career education to students, in order to improve the career awareness of students and their parents. In addition, this study was conducted to obtain valuable information concerning career education and counseling in schools. This research was executed through survey research. To be the subjects of the study, 631 parents and 650 of their children were chosen at random in Taegu and Kyongpook Province. The collected data was computer processed using the SAS program. Mean and Standard Deviation were derived from quantitative data, and frequency and percentage were calculated from non-quantitative data. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) There were no significant differences in the level of self-understanding of career awareness, boys and girls comparatively responded positively. Most major problems of student concern were found associated with grade level and career knowledge. The student's career counselors were mostly their parents. (2) Parents recognized work and occupation as important, but evaluated professional jobs more highly than non-professional jobs. Parents showed very negative responses to the offer of job information from the school. Parent's attitude toward occupations and stereotypical roles by sex was conservative. Student's and parent's interests in career imformation was very great. The results of this study suggest the need for more career deucation at schools. School counseling has to improve the development of career awareness by giving better imformation on job skills and occupations. In order to develop better career awareness, an effort to seek the cooperation of parents should be taken into account. The present study indicates that parents affect their children to a great extent in the development of their career awareness.
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship of behavioral characteristics and the psychological types of the juvenile delinquents on probation. In relation to psychological type the subjects show higher tendency in being extroverted(60%), Sensing(86%), Thinking(76%), Perceiving(68%), ST(66%), SP(57%), ESTP(24%), ESTJ(18%), and ISTP(18%). The study shows that the Introverted(I) juvenile delinquents tend to have emotional difficulties with their parents. Perceiving(P) preferences show negative attitudes in almost subscales of behavioral characteristics in comparison to Judging(J) prefered ones. Thus it calls for a special need for Perceiving juvenile delinquents when the program is developed in order to complement their ineffective adjusting behaviors. There was no significant differences between psychological functions(TF/SN) and delinquent behavioral characteristics, except SP and IP who showed a little higher tendency in negative attitudes. It also shows that ISTP more than any other 16 types tends to have emotional difficulties. There is a higher rate of being ESTP and SP, yet this study shows that there is no higher delinquent behaviors than other types.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate and to compare the therapeutic factors of psychodrama and sociodrama for juvenille delinquents and to compare two groups. To perform this study. 10 sessions of time-limited(two hours and half) group counseling were carried out for each group. And the subject was composed of 24 juvenile delinquents who were inprisoned in a P juvenile reformatory. The instruments used for this study were Yalom's Therapeutic factors and Session Evaluation Quationaire(SEQ). The Therapeutic Factors List of Yalom was given to members of two groups following the 5th and the 10th sessions. The SEQ were given at the end of each session. The conclusions of this study are as follow: Frist, at the end of 5 session. the rank order for psychodrama's therapeutic factors were: ① family reenactment, ② group cohesiveness, ③ self-understanding and ④ existential factors. At the end of 10 session, the rank order were: ① family reenactment, ② group cohesiveness, ③ instillation of hope, and ④ catharsis. The result of SEQ shows the depth and smoothness during psychodrama were high. The score differences between the 5th and 10th sessions evaluation were statistically significant. Second, at the end of 5 session, the rank order for sociodrama's therapeutic factors were: ① existential factors. ② universality, ③ group cohesiveness, and ④ family reenactment. At the end of 10 session, the rank order were changed to ① universality, ② existential factors. ③ family reenactment, and ④ altruism. The result of SEQ, the depth and smoothness of the sociodrama process were high. The score differences between the 5th and 10th sessions were not statistically significant. Third, there were no differences between two groups' in rank order of therapeutic factors at the end of 5 session, but there were differences between two groups' in rank order of therapeutic factors at the end of 10 session. The differences were significant. The result of comparison for two groups' SEQ, the psychodrama shows Higher scores in smoothness and depth than sociodrama group.
Abstract
This study examines and Kut is a Korean shamanistic ceremony. Kut is a effective therapeutic modility for people suffering from the loss od a loved one. Especially JinogiKut and SsitKim Kut are devoted to a promising futeure for a dead person. as well as for the living survivors. And to bid final farewell before the dead person goes on his journey to the other side. Psychodrama was developed by Dr. Moreno, from the West's distinctive culture background and belief system. Not unlike the Kut ceremony, psychodramatic therapy on death and bereavement centers on finishing unfinished business with the dead person. Both modalities are effective, enen though stemming from very different background, because they share common psychological mechanisms, processes that are effective in promoting healing after the loss of a loved one. Common therapeutic factors and processes that Kut and psycholdrama have as follows : needs of stage for warm-up and closing spirit of play, techniques of concretization and symbol, utilizing of unconsciouness, double, using properties, catharsis, corrective emotional experiences, interpersonal learing, universality, altruism. Differences are lack of insight and self resposibility.
Abstract
This study is intended to investigate early development of school counseling during 1945 though 1970 in Korea. The study raises three major questions : ① In what context school counseling emerged ; ② How school counseling has been conceptualized thoughout this period? ; ③ How school counseling has been practiced thougout this period? Literature analysis and interview with counselors who worked at school during 1945 - 1970 are imployed. After the 1945 Liberation, Korean education faced two urgent tasks: "Eradicating Japanese colonial education" and "Building new education" which indicates "Democratic education" and "student-life-individuality" oriented education. At that time, many educators were greatly concerned with guidance and counseling as one of democrati educational methods. After the Korean War. the major public concern was the expansion of schooling system and increasing number of problem students. Traditional discipline method was criticized, and thus moral education was emphasized. Also guidance and counseling was recognized as one of democratic educational methods and a new solution to the student problems. "Guidance Program" which was held by the Seoul Council on Education was found to be official beginning school counseling. "Guidance Program" included organization of guidance committee, placement of school cunselors, and participation of all school teachers in guidance program. Many teachers did not recognize the role of school counselor. They perceived the role of school counselor as directive problem solution and punishment of students violating school regulations. They did not respect professionality of counselor and did not coorperate in guidance program. With respect to student's perception of school counseling, many of students did not recognize school counselor's professional role either. Actually, school counselors provided counseling services such as individual counseling, psychological testing, punishment, and discipline. One of diffiulties that school counselors have experienced was a conflict resulting from mixed nature of school ounseling which put an emphasis on discipline as well as directive problem solution. In providing counseling at school, they were found to use non-directive counseling approach to support students' development. Psychological testings were carried out in many schools. However the results of testing were not used in guidance and counseling activities. In providing disciplinary activities, school counselors had troubles with discipline teachers. School counselors experienced difficulties due to overresponsibilities and lack of professi nality. Also they were challenged by other teachers and education administrators because of low outcome of school counseling. In addition, counselor education emphasized more theory, than practical application, therefore even counselor education was not helpful for school counselors to practice counseling. There were counselor's role confusion with school teachers, especially with class teachers and disciplinary teachers. Besides, finacial aid and administrative support were not enough to support the activities of school counseling. In conclusion, the school counseling in Korea has been facing great impasse from the beginning.